Impact of E-Learning in Secondary Schools Students

The development of technology and the Internet all over the world during the last decade has enabled new educational delivery methods like E-learning. It is the use of technology to enable people to learn anytime and anywhere. E-learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual education opportunities and digital collaboration. stakeholders at different levels, such as researcher, practitioners and institutions understand the value of e-learning [Kira 2009], thus countries all over the world has adapted to this new delivery method, and Fiji as one of the developing countries has also joined them.The Universities in Fiji have already started using this method and by 2014 Fiji hopes to implement this education method in around 20 secondary school. As online education gains in popularity, it becomes more important to recognize the inherent advantages and disadvantages offered by this medium[Richard Hauser 2012]. Timothy Rodgers [2008] also stated that as the use of e-learning is becoming more and more widespread in higher education it has become increasingly important to examine the impact that this teaching style has on student performance.There have been a number of researches conducted to prove numerous advantages of E-learning. Firstly, E-learning is cost effective, for example, there are no travel costs. Melissa et al [2011]stated, access to online training is cost effective. Higgins [2012] also supported that by stating that e-learning can be effective for students as they do not need to travel and efficient in terms of time. Majority of the learners being middle aged education professionals and keen on professional development could take course that are offered through e-learning since it does not impinge upon their work times. Shikha Raturi 2011] Secondly, E-learning has Flexibility, Accessibility, and Convenience. Here the Learners can proceed through a training program at their own pace and at their own plac e. They can also access the e-Learning course at any time and only as much as they need. The rapid advance of web technology has enable universities to reach out and educate students across time and space barrier [Shu-Sheng Liaw 2008]. Higgins [2012] also supported the claim by stating that e-learning can provide flexibility in terms of time and place. Mary F.Fortune [2011] states in her research that eLearning is also convenient to learners who have problem with communication skills. Thirdly, E-learning has a lot of exchange of ideas and sharing of knowledge. Higgins [2012] specified that e-learning enhances the efficiency of access of knowledge. Shu-Sheng Liaw [2008] identified that eLearning assists learners in collaborative learning, exchanging ideas and sharing knowledge. The author also stated that in web based system, learners are encourage to exchange ideas, share perspectives, and use previous knowledge in order to decide on the best solution for the problem.He also specifi ed that knowledge sharing also enhances better teaching and learning. Although there are a lot of positives about ELearning, there are many disadvantages of E-Learning schools, and disadvantages with the ELearning process. The first issue is skills are required for the user to be able to take advantage of the E-learning. That is basic computer knowledge is require for E-learning. Kira [2009] stated in his paper that fifty percent of adults, including the first year University students, have some sort of computer related phobia.Kushir [2009] discussed in the paper that lack of certain skills or experience might put one at a disadvantage when compared to the experienced once. Lack of operational knowledge and of capabilities narrowed the options of the users in E-learning. [Falloon 2011] Next issue with E- learning is isolation of learners. As stated by Higgins [2012] learners might suffer from isolation and lack of direct social interaction. Further to that point Falloon [2011] added that learners studying at a distance can still suffer from a sense of isolation and disconnect which can adversely affect their performance.Ease of use of E-learning system is another issue that affects the learners. This is when the learning system interface is not user friendly; learners have problems using the system. Kira [2009] indicated in her work that computer anxiety was influenced by how users perceive ease of use of an information system. Shu-Sheng Liaw [2008] also added to ease of the system as user acceptance towards the system, where learners are concerned about the operating methods and functions. Information Overload is another issue of E-learning.Students reported feeling overload in the eLearning courses. [Kushir 2009]. His work also stated that some online environments are unnecessarily cluttered with irrelevant stimuli and information or the way in which the relevant information is organized affects how students learn. From the works of the above researchers it can be known that for any popular system there are positive and negative impacts depending on a range of factors such as different kinds of user, different locations of the system, different choice of users and so on.And as Fiji has recently stepped into this technological advancement of E-learning it will have its own set advantages and disadvantages. However, from the literature review the gap in E-learning was identified as equal Accessibility of the phenomenon by the populace of both rural and urban centers. It was also identified that computer Literacy of participants influenced their mode of learning.

Duality of Jekyll and Hyde Essay

Focusing on the opening and closing chapters, how does Robert Louis Stevenson explore the conflict of duality in human nature in ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. ‘The Strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ is a book published in a Victorian society with strict moral codes. This was also a time of discovery and science, and tension between religion and science was constantly rising. In this book you can infer that religion doesn’t bring answers or contentment, but also a warning to the use of science, and what could become of it. The book explores the duality of a man, Dr Jekyll, and how neither science nor religion brought him salvation. The duality in Jekyll and Hyde is represented by Jekyll and Hype as good and evil. The cause of why Jekyll made the potion was to satisfy his inner desires, but was prevented because of â€Å"the high views I had set before me, I regarded and hid them with an almost morbid sense of shames†. This quote from Jekyll explains that, because of the strict moral codes, and high respectability, Jekyll was unable to fulfil his desires without dishonouring his name, and so buried his fascinations away, showing self control. â€Å"These polar twins†¦ continuously struggling†, describes the duality fighting in Jekyll mind before he split himself. The â€Å"polar twins† is cleverly used and the two poles (Arctic and Antarctic) are on two different sides of the world, in two different hemispheres of the earth. This could be that the poles are so far apart, but similar in climate, so closer than they might think, as is the case for the 2 sides of Jekyll, and each is strugg ling to gain power over the other. To avoid dishonouring himself, he split his good and evil personalities, so only one side of himself could be threatening his good or neutral name, but where Jekyll possessed normal human self control, Hyde had none. What actually happens to Jekyll, once he had taken the potion, was that it allowed both his evil and his good sides to roam free, with little consequences. Until the changes start to get out of control, and Jekyll’s grasp over Hyde alters in Hyde’s favour. Jekyll becomes addicted to the use of the potion, and leads to a twisted world of murder, deception and death. The physical change from Jekyll to Hyde is described by Jekyll as â€Å"grinding in the bones, deadly nausea, and a horror of the spirit that cannot be exceeded at the hour of birth or death†. Jekyll’s alteration is show through mainly his pain in the description. â€Å"Grinding in the bones† sets the scene with not just visual, but audio. It describes the cringing sound of the change more than the appearance. Also, â€Å"deadly nausea† is possibly a symptom or side effect of the potion that causes sickness and confusion during the event, and Stevenson used ‘deadly to emphasise the pain. At the time where religion was being doubted, Jekyll chose the opportunity to play god with science. Some certain, powerful phrases use both spiritual and scientific vocabulary and references, such as ‘Horror of the spirit that cannot be exceeded at the hour of birth and death’; this phrase is important to comparing the scale of what Jekyll had just disc overed. It illustrates that both birth and death are a major event, and play a big part of a living organism’s life, which God was believed to have controlled and kept balance of good and evil, whether it’s the birth and death of us, or of someone who was a part of our lives. Yet, Jekyll was able to manipulate the power of science to over through God’s rule and will, pushing boundaries no one had dared dreamed of reaching before. Comparing a scientific discovery, and what happens when using that discovery, would imply that it was on a grand scale of great importance. Also, events such as birth and death tend to be painful experiences, so it could also link into the pain of such event. However, from Lanyon’s narrative, he describes the changing from Jekyll to Hyde slightly more viciously, which also gives us insight into what it is like from someone else’s point of view. ‘Staring with infected eyes, gasping with open mouth.’ The description of ‘infected eyes’, seem as though it would be slightly exaggerated. When thinking of ‘infected’, we usually think of illness. This is probably, from what we can imply, what Lanyon thought it was. Also, ‘gasping with open mouth’, could be panic from Jekyll, for regrettably knowing that once again e is unleashing Hyde back into the world. However, other meanings can be interpreted. If someone was to ‘gasp with open mouth’, you would expect somebody to be doing this during their death, therefore symbolising that it was the death of Jekyll, and the re birth of Hyde. Although Jekyll thinks the potion is a solution, there are also long term effects of using the potion, and what happens. Jekyll begins to get addicted, to some extent, to the freedom and unlimited boundaries of Hyde’s power. Little does Jekyll know that the more times he uses the potion, the more powerful Hyde becomes over Jekyll, which results in Hyde coming and going as he pleases. The contrasting descriptions of Jekyll and Hyde, and also the reactions caused by their appearances link to the confliction between the two characters, Jekyll and Hyde, are similar from the people who meet them. Nearer the end of the novel, a constant battle is taking place, and Stevenson is able to show duality of Jekyll through confliction of the contrasting personalities, trapped by one another’s limits. As Jekyll is a doctor, it is his choice of career that he is able to help, and heal people, and once again representing good. Whereas Hyde makes doctors, who are obliged not to judge people, and help in any circumstance, â€Å"turn sick and white with the desire to kill†. If just one look at Hyde makes a healer want to kill, his personality must match his appearance. In contrast, Jekyll is physically described as â€Å"extremely handsome†, â€Å"well proportioned† and with† every mark of capacity and kindness†. The physical description of this character reflects on the reaction other people treat him with. Also, as Jekyll is a well respected doctor, his personality is expected to match his appearance. This is also the case with Hyde, however, he doesn’t get the same judgments as Jekyll gets. Hyde is described as â€Å"pale and dwarfish†, giving an â€Å"impression of deformity† and â€Å"Satan’s signature upon a face†. From these descriptions, we can see why his was disliked so much, and Hyde’s personality reflected his features to every last detail. Stevenson used the phrase â€Å"Satan’s signature upon a face†, which is related to religion, and ties in nicely with the books theme. Where people may say their faces are blessed by god, this phrase is implying that Hyde’s face was blessed by the devil, giving the impression that he is hideous, because Satan left his mark on him. Stevenson also explores the hidden duality in this book is doors and windows. At the beginning of the book, many questions are asked and are hidden behind doors. For instance, Hyde’s house is described at the beginning as â€Å"two stories high; showed no window, nothing but a door†¦ A blind forehead of discoloured wall†¦ And bore in every feature, the marks of prolonged and sordid negligence. The door†¦ Was blistered and distained†. The language used to describe Jekyll’s house was also very interesting. Utterson described this house referring to Hyde’s influence, but also as if it was a person. â€Å"Blind forehead†¦ every feature†¦was blistered† are all ways we would somehow describe a human, which nicely links into the idea of the doors hiding and almost keeping secrets, and windows openly showing themselves. The house is also hidden and secluded around a back alley, out of view from the public, and very secretive, and it had no windows, and windows are let you see what is going on, they have no secrets. Through this idea of doors and windows, reflects also on the people. Before Hyde was entered into the picture, Jekyll was a very open and honest man. His door was always open. As Hyde’s power begins to grow, we can see that Jekyll becomes more engulfed and isolated in his own home because of his secret, and finds it hard to let anyone in, even people, such as Utterson, whom he trusted with his life. As the book goes on, doors are opened to show that questions are being answered, but there is also a physical use for the doors and windows. Jekyll’s house is very welcoming on a main street. The courtyard behind the house links to Jekyll’s house. Hyde is allowed to come and go as he pleases through the back door, creating even more mystery and arousing suspicion with occupants of the house. Basically, the front of the house was the well respected, first impression view, but the back was hidden, so could not be judged by who came and went. At the time in the book, where science has failed to provide any answers, Jekyll turned his head back towards religion. We can see this taking place when Jekyll â€Å"had fallen upon his knees and lifted his clasped hands to God†. At this point, Hyde’s power had grown beyond any imagination, or plight for help as Jekyll barely has control of himself, let alone Hyde. I think this quote symbolises how desperate Jekyll had become, from being a man of science, to resorting to religion to ease his soul and conscience. Other characters of interest the book also represent some of the themes to the book, but more subtly. For example, on chapter one, Mr. Utterson and Mr. Enfield are described as unlikely friends because nobody could see what they shared in common, they would go on walks every Sunday and â€Å"Set aside occasions of pleasure, but even resisted calls of business, that they might enjoy them uninterrupted†. This links to Jekyll and Hyde because no one can see why they are associated with one another, such as Jekyll leaving Hyde everything in his will, but Utterson couldn’t understand why. The hypocrisy of the hidden duality in the book is demonstrated not just through Jekyll and Hyde, but through other, fairly decent characters as well. We can only assume that from the book, Hyde’s influence causes people to change. For example, in the first chapter, ‘Story of the Door’, Hyde tramples a young girl. Mr. Enfield, who witnessed this crime, blackmailed Hyde by saying â€Å"we could and would make such a scandal out of this, as should make his name stink from one end of London to the other†¦ We screwed him up to a hundred pounds for the child’s family†. Even though Enfield had told Hyde it was wrong to blackmail, but they did it anyway. There is also hypocrisy in how Dr. Jekyll’s experiment backfires. After the murder of Sir Danvers Carew, Jekyll had given Utterson his word that he had gone and was not coming back. The hypocrisy of it all is that even though he had prevented Hyde taking power over him again, the temptation was too great, and went back to using the potion and increasing Hyde’s strength. I also think hypocrisy is shown through Jekyll’s head butler, Poole. As he is in charge of those lower than him, such as other butlers and maids, he encourages them not to ask too many questions, as that is what their job requires. However, Poole goes out to get Utterson for help, and does ask questions about what is going on with his master, and by doing so, he is being hypocritical. To conclude, I think that Robert Louis Stevenson explores the conflict of duality in the human nature in ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ by his clever use of themes and language to engage different meanings. We can gather that from the background conflict of science and religion, that Stevenson was using the warnings and deceitfulness of the two to show that neither is right or wrong. He explains â€Å"that man is not truly one, but two† and was able to put this into context by using the gothic horror genre so that people would understand and want to read. In the end, I think that the main theme of duality in the book is not just a theory, but a belief, and that the only thing that man has to fear, is man itself.

Japans Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Japans Criminal Justice System - Essay Example Once arrested, the period f detention is three days under the authority f the police and then, with judicial authorization, a maximum f twenty days under prosecutor authority. Most f the time suspects are held during this period in a place f detention at the police station, known as a "substitute prison" (Daiyo-kangoku). Suspects in detention cannot refuse the summons to present themselves for questioning by an officer f the investigating police or by a public prosecutor. Often the questioning is repeated day and night for twenty-three days. Many police procedures are used without definite foundation in statutory law or specific agreement by those concerned, but "lawfulness" is generally admitted by case law. (Bayley 11-15) The public prosecutor, actively involved in the investigation "in case f need," can conduct it independently without the police. By making the most f his discretionary power as to the desirability f proceedings, the prosecutor nearly always anticipates the decision that would be rendered by the court. This is because the charges against the suspect must be sufficiently certain for actual conviction. (Johnson 300-5) Moreover, suspects consider it more serious and damaging to be accused before a court than to be questioned and even held by the police; they regard a verdict f acquittal to be an admission f the investigators' fault. Indeed, cases sometimes arise in which a person convicted at first instance, but acquitted on appeal or on judicial review, obtains compensation for "wrongful" prosecution. A further basic principle f criminal proceedings concerns the paramount importance assigned to a... Because the present Civil Code contains ambiguous and imprecise provisions with regard to evidence, judges seek to recompose and unify them in a simple form ÃŽ ¿f principles and exceptions: "if such facts exist, such a right shall be recognized, except when...." It is likely that, rather than scrupulously reflecting the distribution ÃŽ ¿f the burden ÃŽ ¿f proÃŽ ¿f in terminology, the drafters ÃŽ ¿f the Code did not have enough time to account for the opinions ÃŽ ¿f judges who only recently had taken up their duties. Although contemporary positivist judges do not directly criticize the Civil Code, academics whose main activity consists ÃŽ ¿f research on theory and comparative law are often targeted, in most cases these academics are unaware ÃŽ ¿f crucial practical considerations owing to the nature ÃŽ ¿f their training and career, separate from that ÃŽ ¿f other jurists. Now that judicial structure is well-established and the provisional, reign ÃŽ ¿f the "borrowed plumes" (from Europea ns) ÃŽ ¿f the Professorenrecht has ended, one might see magistrates' confidence adumbrated in new ideas regarding interpretation ÃŽ ¿f positive law. However, whether it relates to investigative perfectionism in criminal matters or to attachment ÃŽ ¿f presupposed ultimate facts in civil matters, precision justice always concerns the precision ÃŽ ¿f facts. It is essentially case facts that seem to occupy a large place in judicial thinking. These elements ÃŽ ¿f "factualism" sometimes prevail over the major principles ÃŽ ¿f rights and justice in their juridical evaluations. This is probably connected to the phenomena ÃŽ ¿f "non-justice," which will now be considered.

What is Heathy Eating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

What is Heathy Eating - Essay Example Most people feed on everything and anything in the market without taking into consideration the effects that come along with these foods. Therefore, it is very important to eat healthy as there are many benefits related to a healthy diet. Many nutritionists and food experts have come up with ways to give information about healthy eating. Information is widely accessible in form of; books, talk shows, magazines, journals and programs. However, most people are ignorant and only take time to access this information when they are in need, especially in cases where one is sick. This should not be the case as healthy eating should be more of a routine to all for healthy living. People of all ages are to feed healthily. Healthy eating involves a variety of things to consume. Water is one of the major components of good diet. Nutritionists recommend eight to ten glasses of water per day for everyone. Water lacks calories and thus the body does not need to digest it, rather it absorbs and kee ps the body clean. It reduces sugar levels and washes off toxics found in the body. We all need water for the body to carry out its metabolic processes and other bodily processes. Other main aspects of healthy foods are vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates. Vitamins mainly include fruits and vegetables. Vegetables contain fiber that makes it easy for the body to digest bulk. Vegetables ought to be included on a daily basis. Examples of essential vegetables include spinach, carrots, lettuce, cabbages, cauliflower and broccoli. Fruits contain most of the vitamins required in the body. People need fruits daily as they too boost digestion of other foods. Examples of fruits include lemons, watermelons, pineapples and mangoes. Proteins are necessary for building the body. Most anorexic people suffer from lack of proteins. Therefore, it is vital for people to ensure there is protein in their diet for growth. Both animals and plants yield protein products. The main proteins recommended by f ood experts include beef, cheese, eggs, beans, peas, chicken and milk. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in the body. The consumption of carbohydrates greatly contributes to the general energy amounts in the body. Examples of highly consumed carbohydrates include bread, maize, sugar, rice and pasta. A healthy diet includes three meals a day with water included. Nutritionists recommend a heavy breakfast inclusive of all the main types of food. This is because the body needs energy to run during the day’s activities. A glass of fresh juice or fruits, cereals, bread, needs to be part of people’s morning meal. The mid day meal needs to light to boost energy for the rest of the remaining hours of the day before dinner. Dinner includes foods that provide energy and nourishment and time taken being two to three hours before retiring to bed. Gottlieb, Robert, and Anupama Joshi. Food Justice. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2010. Print. This scholarly book attempts to por tray the path that has led to Americans eating fast foods instead of natural wholesome foods that are healthier. Just like most health books and journals, this book focuses on every individual and their eating culture. The book explains why most Americans eat junk and they feel bothered when the junk is not available. Convenience of these fast foods contributes to their wide market and high demand. People claim to be too busy to find time to shop for healthy foods and cook. The book also tells on how farmers who grow the healthy foods lack market as the whole society is turning to the fast food way of eating. The book fits in the topic of healthy eating because people actually know of the healthy foods but choose otherwise. Healthy eating is not common and everyone has the

Should teens in the United Arab Emirates adopt the British custom of Essay

Should teens in the United Arab Emirates adopt the British custom of taking a gap-year or one year break from studying bet - Essay Example The United Arab Emiretes is one such country that is considering introducing the program in its education system. This follows the advantages associated with adopting the program as has been cited in countries where the program is a custom. Nevertheless, some skeptics have criticised the program arguing that it adds no good to the students and should not be adopted. Gap Years-United Arab Emirates Introduction The term â€Å"Gap Year† for a long time had been associated with the western and European countries, particularly the U.K. and the U.S.. â€Å"Gap Year† refers to the time duration in which high school students are allowed some time off from academic work before proceeding to colleges (Griffith, 2005). Griffith (2005) argues that gap year programs are mainly created to allow students to have fun, travel, participate in community services, as well as for personal growth. Britain is one among the countries in Europe that has adopted this custom within its education curriculum. Griffith (2005) points out that about 660,000 U.K. high school leavers take a Gap Year before proceeding to colleges. This custom has also been adopted in the U.S. as well, where students are being allowed to take a gap year before they can proceed to colleges. ... This paper will examines the reasons why teens in the United Arab Emirate (UAE) should adopt the Gap year custom of Britain. To begin with, Haigler and Nelson (2005) argue that learning about the world is one of the best forms of education that a child can get. However, teens can only learn more about the world if they can have some time to travel. Despite the fact that gap years are not designed for travelling, Haigler and Nelson (2005) reveal that a majority of teens who take gap years seize the chance to travel to foreign countries. This enables these teens to have a feeling of peculiar cultures, which acts as lessons as they discover new things that they would not have otherwise learnt if they did not get the opportunity to travel. Therefore, allowing UAE teens to take a gap year will be beneficial for their personal development in exploring different parts of the world and learning new cultures, which is very good experience. Griffith (2005) argues that people only live once. Th erefore, teens should be given sometime off to have fun and enjoy themselves. This can only become a reality in the UAE is teens are allowed to take a gap year before joining high school. This is because taking a gap year will give them the opportunity to travel, explore, adventure, and discover more about themselves. In fact, reports indicate that thousands of British school leavers use gap years to have fun. The gap year program needs to be adopted by the UAE because it will give the teens the opportunity to learn more about themselves. For instance, gap years will enable UAE teens who have grown up in a structured family with clearly defined goals be it academic, sports, or athletics to be free to assess themselves.

Whether the prisoner can be tortured to obtain the information needed Essay

Whether the prisoner can be tortured to obtain the information needed - Essay Example Terrorists are a group of people dedicated to a cause who perform an unconventional act of violence against civilians for political gain. While Prisoners of War can be held without answering any questions except for name, rank and serial number, terrorists are criminals. Terrorists need to be captured and brought to trial. If American troops capture the terrorist, they need to be sent back to American to be tried. If a foreign government or army captures a terrorist, the American government should follow the extradition laws of the foreign government. In the case of the captured number two Al Qaeda terrorist, he should be questioned. If he refuses to talk, this terrorist must be sent to a federal prison to await trial. He should not be tortured, but the terrorist does not necessarily have the rights of an American citizen. That means they can be held in the comfort of a federal prison for an undetermined length of time, until a trial can be arranged. That is not torture. Torture is defined as anything that causes pain to punish or coerce. It would be unethical to withhold medical attention from a terrorist. The use of beating, punching or any other physical means of torture would also be wrong. It is also wrong to withhold food and water from a prisoner. Now psychological torture is different. Loud noises, bright lights, isolating a prisoner or even having the prisoner remain nude is humane. Americans employ these methods against unruly prisoners in America. These psychological methods will not permanently harm a terrorist. So they could be used against the number two Al Qaeda man to find out information. Victims and the victim’s families of 9/11 might disagree with giving a terrorist any rights. If the 9/11 tragedy could have been prevented by torture, some would argue that the means would justify the end. In a perfect world this argument would be true. If American Intelligent was a perfected science, where the military would know

Plants and Animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plants and Animals - Essay Example Paleoethnobotany refers to as the study of relationships between plants and animals, though the use of the archaeological records. The present human beings are aware of how people benefitted from plants for clothing, food, medicine, boats, houses, and a variety of tools and structures. Therefore, in the contemporary society, individuals try to understand the ecological and cultural dynamics of the previous food ways; techniques for producing, procuring, and managing plant resources; and the meaning that plants had to the past human beings (Merlin, 2003). Archeology and paleoethnobotany have a close relationship between themselves. Paleoethnobotany is the sub-field of archeology that deals with the study of plant remains from excavations. Therefore, archeology supports paleoethnobotany by providing the study materials, especially the plant remains. People can be able to understand the relationship between animals and plants through archeology. ... It is apparent that paleobotany differs from paleoethnobotany because paleobotany does not include the relationship between plants and animals, but only considers plant remains in their geological settings (Merlin, 2003). Artifactual and Paleoethnobotanical data A researcher depends on the collected data in order to support or test the hypothesis of a given research. For instance, there has been a need of data to support the hypothetical use of psychoactive drugs in the historical period. Researchers extract most of the data from the literature of disciplines such as archeology, anthropology, palynology, and ethnobotany. Dating of various evidences varies in relative reliability and technique. Artifactual and paleoethnobotanical data are forms of data that provide the archeological evidence for the relationship between plants and man in the previous days (Merlin, 2003). An example of the relationship is how ancient people used the psychoactive drugs. The artifactual data is the subje ct to some type of reconstruction and interpretation (Merlin, 2003). There will be a disagreement regarding the interpretation of the artistic, medicinal, religious, or other practical inspiration of an artifact. Paleoethnobotanical evidence results from the assignment of specimens to specific taxonomic groups, and verification of its putative use by human beings is sometimes contentious (Merlin, 2003). The most reliable archeological information results from the combination of artifactual and paleoethnobotanical evidences (Merlin, 2003). Merlin’s Hypothesis The evidence on use of cannabis for recreation, fiber, medicine, and ceremony is enough to go against Merlin’s hypothesis, which

India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

India - Essay Example The modern and internet technology have opened up new marketplaces that allow us to conduct and promote businesses to new cultures and geographic locations (Vilanilam 39). In order to understand the importance of individual cultural values, beliefs and attitudes, this paper will discuss the about how India as a country communicates in business setting and leisure setting. India is a South Asian country and is the second-most populous country and the seventh-largest country by area. It is a multi-ethnic, multilingual, and pluralistic society. It is home to two major families of language: Indo-Aryan, which is spoken by about 74 percent of the country’s population, and Dravidian spoken by about 24 percent of the country’s population (Singh 12). It has no national language but Hindi, which is spoken, by the largest number of speakers is the official government language. English is extensively used in administration and business and has the â€Å"subsidiary official languag e† status, and it is an important medium of education in the country (Vilanilam 64). Indian culture is one of the richest and oldest and it spans over 4,500 years. Indian culture is founded on Hindu mythology, literature, and philosophy, as well as many practices and beliefs that still exist presently including moksa, karma, dharma, and yoga. India has religious diversity with major religions including Hinduism, Christianity, Jainism, Islam, and Sikhism. It is important to note that Hinduism is the predominant religion in the country. India is one of the most culturally and ethnically diverse places in the world; its diverse cultures are a product of numerous migration waves over thousands of years (Storti 27). Considering the ethnic, cultural, religious, and linguistic nature of the Indian society, it is important to understand the importance of individual cultural values, beliefs, and attitudes and how the country communicates in business setting and leisure setting. For com munication purposes, one should understand the hierarchical nature of the Indian society, which demands that the employer or the boss is recognized as the highest individual in authority within a business setting (Vilanilam 101). As such, one should aim at those in the highest authority position when establishing contacts because decisions are only made at that level. This may also be evidenced by the fact that subordinates may be reluctant in accepting responsibility during communication. In addition, one should understand that while communicating in business and leisure setting, establishment of relationships in the Indian society is very important (Singh 77). Often, in the Indian society friendship forms the basis for business and leisure activities. Indian people are often reluctant to do business with strangers and therefore it is important for one to establish relationships directly or indirectly by making contact through intermediaries before engaging in any meaningful busine ss or leisure interaction and activities. In business and even in leisure setting one should take plenty of time in building up trust before starting off. It is also important that one maintain harmony, and try as much as possible to avoid confrontation and conflict during discussions (Storti 95). While in business setting and leisure setting, one should consider other cultural aspects during communication. For example, while Indians appreciate punctuality, they

Assessment of Vital SIgns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assessment of Vital SIgns - Essay Example After a brief interview, the patient reveals the cause of her short breath and explains she deliberately avoided the escalator on her way to the examination room and took a walk up the stairs (following the doctors’ advice to exercise some more). I allow her approximately 15 minutes to calm down then provide her with a gown and leave the room for her to change after instructing her to remove all her dressing except the briefs and put on the gown so that the opening is on the rear. The examination room is quiet, warm and well lit. All the measurements are taken with the patient seated down (McPhee & Papadakis, 2011). Since the patient has been allowed over 10 minutes to calm down and has not eaten or drank anything hot or cold, smoked, chewed gum in the last 10 minutes, I proceed to assess her temperature. I place a digital thermometer under her tongue to take an oral temperature and wait for it to beep before withdrawing it. I then note the patient’s temperature as indicated by the thermometer, part of the body from where it is taken and the time it was taken (McPhee, Papadakis, & Rabow, 2012). To find the patient’s pulse, I use my fingers (without the thumb) to press against the bony part of the patient’s wrist. Pressing the artery between the fingers and the wrist bone assists me to feel the pulse. Care is taken not to press too hard. Upon finding a pulse, I use a timer to count the number of beats that occur in a minute (since the pulse appears irregular). I then write down the heart rate, the irregularities observed and the time the pulse is taken (Crouch & Meurier, 2011). I then go on to assess the respiration without informing my patient since her knowledge of an on-going respiration assessment may inevitably cause her to alter her respiration and hence lead to erroneous conclusions. I count the

Middle East Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Middle East Story - Essay Example Mariam is Muslim and Tony is Christian. I personally believe this change greatly changes the story and makes it even more impossible for Mariam and Tony to be together. Also, it is important to note that the story does take place in 2006. America and the Muslim world is at a point where any communication leads to inevitable misunderstanding and yet, Tony, an American Christian soldier falls in love with the Islamic Qatari Mariam. I really like my modernized version of the play. I feel that since there is so much hostility between the Americans and the Muslims, showing a play where both sides want to give up what they stand for and just be devoted to each other shows that love prevails over all. Throwing dirt on others does not make us a better person; and violence is definitely not the answer to all questions. Middle East Story shows that life is short, and questions, is it wise to spend a short life hating and killing those who disagree with our viewpoint In my modernized version, Tony does die. I felt it was important for Tony to die, because even after he dies, Mariam shows her affection for him. She covers his face with her head covering, her identity of being a Muslim. I felt this was a very powerful scene in the play. This play is based on the musical, West Side Story, and I have attempted to modernize it by making a few... Mariam is the sister of Qatar's Islamic groups' leader, Ibrahim. Ibrahim wants Qatar to be independent of the American soldiers because he fears the Americans would Westernize the Qataris and cause trouble. From the start it is established that Mariam's family is against the American soldiers. Tony, the guy with whom Mariam meets and falls in love, is an American soldier. This racial difference is very difficult to deal with. The American soldiers pity the Qataris whom the Americans believe are living a backwards life. The American soldiers believe women should have more freedom and the country overall should be more open-minded. The lack of understanding between both races leads to hatred; the American soldiers stationed in Qatar and the members of the Islamic groups have a hard time tolerating each other. A social class difference also exists between Mariam and Tony. Mariam comes from a very wealthy family. Her family owns a big house and she enjoys a comfortable lifestyle. Tony, on the other hand, comes from a middle class family. He lives in an apartment and does not enjoy a luxurious lifestyle. According to Qatar standards, a girl that comes from a wealthy family is supposed to be married to a man who is either of equal financial status or preferably richer. The last and major difference is the religion difference. This difference is not mentioned in the West Side Story. Mariam is a Muslim woman and Tony is a Christian man. According to Islam, it is not permissible for Mariam to get married to Tony. Also, Mariam came from a family that was religiously active and consistently reinforced the teachings and principles of Islam. Theme The whole play revolves around conflicts between the

A Streetcar named disire Essay Example for Free

A Streetcar named disire Essay Blanche is an extremely volatile, and is physically and emotionally insecure character to say the least. Her instabilities range from excessive vanity, to a need for alcohol, and a need to find unconditional love. Indeed, one could say that Blanche was a brought up as a prim and proper lady, yet in reality, like the white she is often referred to, time has tainted her. Prior to Blanches introduction, an atmosphere is set that is greatly linked to Blanche, while set in Elysian fields the setting is quite different to its name. Primarily, the houses have a white frame, weathered gray implying innocence lost. This idea is set many times throughout the course of this play in relation to Blanche. Even in the introduction, this idea is used a number of times with phrases like; faded white stairs, the dim white building. An atmosphere of decay is depicted through out the play with the colour brown. Be it the brown river, or even the whiskey Blanche relies on, brown tends to symbolize negative facts. This taps into another idea, one could also say that colour plays a big part for blanche, as it does not only coincide with her love of fashion, but the book lets it, and music display emotions felt in specific parts of scenes. This is evident especially by the music playing in the background, the blue piano. This music instills a degree of melancholy on the reader, and as the title suggests (and similarly to the Blues) is a depiction of morbidity in the atmosphere, and yet it is only present to Blanche. Even in the initial dialogue of the play, sexual innuendoes appear in abundance. This is initially in the form of an icy cold wave up and down her and the vendor shouting Red hot! Phallic metaphors are used in the description of Meat, and are relevant to Stella and Stanleys relationship (focused on immediately after) as it is a very sexually charged, and is a somewhat animalistic relationship. On Blanches arrival, in a state of shocked disbelief (due to the inconceivable surroundings she is in), she is dressed in a white suit with ear-rings of pearl and white gloves, stating her mask of white purity. With this exposition, her age is revealed, as she must not be exposed to harsh light, and must therefore be wrinkled. She is referred to as a moth, due to her false whiteness, but also because of her fidgety, uncertain mannerisms (common in alcoholics). Blanches backwardness is made clear for the first time in her bid to cling to the past by calling Mrs. Stanley Kowalski, Stella DuBois. This also signifies the period the play was written as the female is referred to through her husband. From this moment on, Blanche is noticeably dismissive of Eunice, holds a derogatory sarcasm through out. Her repetitions of the same word to Eunices varied question are extremely dismissive, yet her vanity peers through in stating, Yes? as a question on news Stella spoke of her. On mention of Belle Reve, we come to realize that it means beautiful dream. This is obviously not the case though, as Blanche immediately goes off the point when its upkeep is mentioned. Blanche behaves very haughtily in the scene, and through the use of condescending language, and unsubtle hints (id like to be left alone), managed to offend, and therefore get rid of Eunice. This disassociation she wishes to have with Eunice not only portrays blanche in a haughty light, but also gives the impression that Blanche feels in Belle Reve, someone like Eunice would be have been her servant. Blanche is an extremely nervous person, and catches her breath with a startled gesture on hearing a cat screech. A reason for this nervous reaction is apparent when we realize her affiliation with whiskey. Not only does she drink the whiskey uninvited, but she attempts to mask her tracks as well. This is a primary indication that she is an alcoholic as is talking to ones self (Ive got to keep hold of myself).

Personal experience at Real Estate Development and Investment Essay Example for Free

Personal experience at Real Estate Development and Investment Essay It was either to be a blessing or cursing. I had just come from the university as a fresh graduate. Job insecurity is a thing that sends chills of tremor down the spine of each graduate. Thank goodness this never happened with me but a new challenge was ahead. The firm which I was operating was quite meticulous in its activities; was I to be their down fall as an omen of failure. No certainly I must work breath out of me to sustain or even improve if there was anything to improve. The workplace was the carrot to reward my personal and professional development or a cane to spank my etiquettes. This was what I was up to when I joined the Real Estate Development and Investment, in Chicago. In customer care office, there were new and old problems which were brought to our attention by the clients. This is when I recognized the question which was posed to me during the interview. The question was what I would do if the length of my tie varies interchangeably during the course of wearing it. Certainly here I was dealing with two anti-parallel problems brought forward by the clients. There were those who wanted new residential houses while there were those in pursuit of selling their houses. With time, I believed that my solid performance would improve. I remember the day a client came complaining we have delayed to find a potential buyer of her house. The lady was pugnant and cantankerous in her behavior. Not a single answer she would hear. I was perplexed because I was new and such an answer would only be averting from attending her problems. Certainly, customers are kings and should be attended to regardless on who first dealt with him/her. After all will s/he have to go home and wait till who attended him/her come? No this would be suicidal to the business. So here I was juxtaposed between a rock and a hard place. The information which I had acquainted myself with was the only arrow in the quiver. Now I had to give an answer for unfamiliar situations and conclusion on the problem raised by the client. To start with I answered that there was already a willing buyer but what he was offering was meager amount and thus we never saw the need to inform her. This was after realizing from her pass that the lady came from California. It was plausible that the house was in Chicago and not California and apparently the cheapest house was selling at $ 210,000. Therefore, by excusing the house was bargained at $ 110,000, the lady will accept that certainly this was cheap and not worth to inform her of such a buyer. Luckily, it turned that what I had said was the case although I had not dome an empirical enquiry on what had happened. Form this is learnt that it’s appropriate to give wrong information than no answer to the client as it would appear rude. Barely a week was not over and there was a crisis. The manager who assisted me to secure the placement at Real Estate Investment Development was linked to a corruption scandal in the organization. So bad for those were affiliated to him. The company decided to pay them prior to sacking them. I merely escaped the crack of whip which was lashing over the innocent and those assumed to be guilty. It was a hectic time trying to convince the management that I was not involved in the graft. Were it not for the quality work that I was delivering to the customers, I would have disappeared together with the rest. The customers complained bitterly of losing an agile and kindhearted official. Besides, everything I did was in accordance to the stipulated rules of the company. Other worker also considered me friendly and my latency was shown through teamwork. Jackson, whenever we meet considers that I came to replace him; therefore it was better not to have considered my request. However, we find ourselves laughing at the idea it was like a substitution reaction which we had earlier learnt in organic chemistry. The firm was behaving like alkanes; it functions by substituting what it previously had. The week days were exceptionally busy for me. I had to equip myself with the current changes in business trends. Changes that are inevitably setting in with advent of technologies were eyesore to the conservatives but an impetus to the radical. At lunch break, fifteen minutes I would spare to browse in the internet and peruse on books so as to keep abreast with changes taking place. My food I would take as if I was in a food eating competition. Two to three spoons were enough to summarize the heap of food lying before me. It was quite symbolical that for any firm to succeed must seize the opportunities as they come just as I was gulping at the food. In the afternoon long queues of people I would find awaiting me as if I was God and on mission to rescue them from Satan. In this case the Satan was financial issues. It was crystal clear that less time was required for each client and at the same time ensuring that a comprehensive and satisfactory answer is given. Most clients were eager to know the factors which they should put into consideration while investing in real estates. Though the factors appear to be obvious, I had to put them in a way they appear new to the client’s ear. To start with, I would give a preamble of what a good investment would include while enlisting the factors to consider. Through this short encounter with customers, there was what I would call ‘resonance transfer of information’. I would make sure the client and I resonate at the same frequency and phase. Anything beyond my scope I would simply seek the information over it for the customers. Real Estate Investment Development was like the components of the table salt how they complement each other. During the course of my internship, I was also experienced the leadership vacuum which arose after summary dismissal of my friend. Jackson even though he had a lot of wiles which led him to rub the management the wrong side; he had the potential to handle any difficulties which emerged. For example, there was no one who was directly responsible for the transactions of the business. The Real Investment Development was using other firms to do their advertisement and the profit leapt was divided according to the proportion of their contribution. The number of new customers dwindled since they feared joining a corporation where you don’t know who is really in control. Collective responsibility cannot fully be trusted since there vices such as sabotage still exist. Attempts to increase the number of directors only increased the cost of management and had little change if any. At Real Estate Investment Development, the number of ladies was more than the number of gentlemen. This though was not meant to be a problem turned out to be a problem. A competition arose among the ladies over men. The dressing code was the most affected. The skirts were shortened by quite a large number. Some were the length of a bow-tie and others were as transparent as a crystal. As if this was not the only problem, the shoes were irritating to the ears as they tried to attract the attention of the men. It was a wake up call of sort, trying to wake men from the cocoon of fleeing form ladies for lack of wooing words. The administration tried to address the problem of Lorita but this never changed the situation. Moreover, the number of absentees increased due to feministic issues which are inevitable. At first I thought the problem was not to affect me. My belief is that a seed needs decomposing materials to germinate. In this case, I was the germinating seed and the ladies the decomposing materials. In the office I was located at the corner at the desk and a lady was located opposite to my desk. This is where the drama started. The way she sat was embarrassing. Thighs ajar and a finger placidly put between the slit on her skimpy dress. This sometimes made my brain go blank as I found myself carried into nitty gritty of even knowing the weekly series of her knickers. This lass was quite provocative besides teasing her wanton eyes and leg theatrics as a seductress lady. At one time she made the boss to suspect there was a beef as she was mostly found reeling on my desk with her merely chest protruding forward. The last experience which I cannot forget was the amount of work. The work was quite exhausting. The number of clients attended to were quite many and the number of staff was a few. All days we were busy searching from the internet for information, replying some emails from clients or discussing with the clients in the office. Within a month my weigh had decreased by two kilograms the exact figure stipulated by physician for the AIDS sufferers. In fact I had to be examined to know my status.

Introduction To Psychological Testing Paper

Introduction To Psychological Testing Paper The study of  person and his characteristics is the  most important  tasks  of psychological science.  Development of psychological science is characterized with significant increase in interest to problems of psycho diagnostic.  The aim of modern psycho diagnostic is research of characteristics and differences between individuals and groups in a systematic manner.  The task of such research in the most general form is definition of mental and psychological characteristics of individuals and their intra-individual relationships. Psychological  test is the  basis for  psycho diagnostics  of  people  and  the foundation  of practical  psychology. The aim of this paper is to define the concept of psychological test, describe its major categories, the concepts of reliability and validity, and other fundamental questions associated with psychological testing. The concept  of a psychological test  and its main  characteristics The scope of psycho diagnostic includes a set of various diagnostic methods to identify psychological characteristics of man.  It represents a bridge between general and applied psychology, and in relation to the methods used, it acts as a common ground that unites all areas of their practical application. Practical psycho diagnostics solves some typical problems, which include the following:   1.  To establish certain psychological properties or behavior in a person.   2.  Determine the degree of development of these properties and their expression in specific quantitative and qualitative terms.   3.  Description of diagnostic psychological behavior of a person 4.  Comparison of the degree of development of psychological characteristics in different people. The standardized psycho diagnostic methods, allowing obtaining comparable quantitative and qualitative indicators of the degree of development of the properties in people, are called psychological tests.  Under standardized techniques is meant that they have  strictly  defined  rules  of application,  ranging  from  studying the situation  and ending with  the methods of calculation  and  interpretation  of results. The literature presents a great variety of definitions of psychological tests:   Psychological test is essentially an objective and standardized measurement of a sample of behavior (The American Psychological Association).   Test is a standardized, often time-limited study designed to establish the quantitative (and qualitative) individual psychological differences (The American Psychological Association).   Under test is understood a specific tool for evaluating the psychological qualities of the individual, which consists of set of tasks or questions, offered under standard conditions and is intended to identify particle types of behavior (The American Psychological Association) Objectivity,  validity  and  reliability  are the main requirements  to the test.  It is necessary to consider these concepts and to discuss how they impact the field of psychological testing. Objectivity  of a psychological test  means  that primary  indicators, evaluation  and interpretation  of data do not  depend on  the behavior  and  subjective  judgments  of the experimenter.  Development  of testing tasks, its procedure, processing  of test results  is carried out  according to certain  standard  rules.  To achieve  objectivity,  a psychological test  must follow the next  conditions:   standardization of  procedures of conducting  the test  to allow comparison  of its results;   standardization of test  performance evaluation; Definition of result norms  of the test  for  comparison  them with  results  got from the  processing of test data. These three conditions are referred to as the stages of standardization of psychological tests. During the development of a test certain standardization procedures are carried out, which include three stages:   1.  The first stage of standardization of psychological tests is to establish uniform testing procedures. 2.  The second phase is to establish a uniform evaluation of the test: the standard interpretation of the results and pre-standard evaluation. 3.  The third stage of standardization of psychological tests is to determine the norms of the test.  Norms are necessary in the interpretation of test results (primary parameters), as a benchmark with which to compare testing data.  For example, in tests of intelligence the primary received IQ is correlated with standard IQ (43, 44, 45 points in the test of Raven).  If the IQ received by respondent is above normative, as 60 points, we can talk about of the respondent as high.  If the resulting IQ is lower than the norm, then the level of intelligence is low, if the received IQ is 43, 44 or 45 points, then it is average. (Ford-Martin, 2004) All methods of psychological diagnosis, both standardized and non-standardized, are aimed at measuring personality traits and characteristics of intelligence.  Each method is designed to measure a certain personal characteristic, and information about the extent to which the test actually measures it is known as the concept of validity.   Effective  method of  testing  can be  created, if  it passed  all  the stages of  validation,  when it meets requirements of both general  and  practical validity.  Practical  validity describes  the test  not by  its  psychological  content,  but in terms  of  its  value for achieving  certain  practical  goals  (prediction,  diagnosis). (Messic, 1980) The last important  characteristic of  tests  are their reliability.   Reliability  means  consistency of  test  results  of each  testing attempt with the same subject,  with the  results  of his first  test.  Absolute  reliability of  the test  does not  exist, and errors  are allowed,  but  the higher are  they,  the lower is the  test  reliability. The high  reliability of  the testing method  means  that  it  accurately  measures  the characteristic. These  three basic characteristics of  psychological test  determine  its  use in practical  psychology. Conclusion Psycho diagnostics  is  an area  of psychological science, and  at the same time  the most important  form  of psychological practice,  that is associated  with the development and use  of various  methods  of recognition  of individual  psychological characteristics of people. Psycho diagnostics  is a  set of  methods and tools for  diagnosis  of mental  characteristics of man.  One of such  methods  is  testing.  The use of  psychological  tests  is aimed  to investigate the characteristics  of person, and provide  information  about mental  properties of  a particular  person  (the subject). An effective psychological  test  should  meet requirements such  as objectivity,  validity  and  reliability,  in this case  it  gives  the correct results,  which can  be  interpreted  and applied  in practical  psychology.

How to buy a car stereo :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nearly everyone who has sat in traffic has noticed the mind numbing amounts of bass produced by some car stereos. What most drivers aren’t aware of is how to buy a system of sub-woofers for their own car. The most noticeable feature of these systems is their price which is limited only by human imagination. The most basic understanding of how much these systems cost, although varied by complexity and brand name, lies within the power of the components that comprise them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The power of a system is measured in watts. The more powerful the system, the more watts of electricity it is capable of receiving and transforming into auditory noise. Speakers designed for bass, or [sub-]woofers, range in power levels from 50 watts which can hit 65 to 70 decibels, approximately as loud as traffic on a busy street. These smaller woofers, generally the 10 inch or 12 inch variety, usually cost between $30 to $100 each. The largest woofers can handle several thousand watts reaching over 150 decibels loud, as loud as a rocket engine. Powerhouse woofers which usually come in sizes of 12 inches, 13 inches, 15 inches, or larger, can cost from $80 to $1200 each. Some audio enthusiasts will choose to only install one woofer, although many choose to install more. Woofers are a great place to start planning a mobile entertainment system, however the most important part for audio enthusiasts will be what powers them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The greatest cost in the stereo system will come from the amplifier or amplifiers depending on the size of the stereo. The tonal quality, or the accuracy of the signal-to-noise ratio for each particular speaker is primarily affected by these high tech electronics which in turn, affects the price. A a low wattage amplifier that lacks tonal quality can be purchased for as low as $150 each. High power amplifiers with the purest tonal quality would start at $450 and go up from there. How many amplifiers will be needed to properly power the woofers depends entirely upon how many woofers are chosen to be installed into the mobile entertainment system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The final ingredient in completing a car stereo is to pick which type of enclosure to install the woofers in. These boxes are made of wood and are carpeted, generally costing around $150 to $250 for the basic setup. There are no major differences in cost, yet there are three major types of enclosures to choose from.

Math Lesson Plan :: essays research papers

Lesson Plan Guide Topic: Math (To investigate and explore multiplication facts) Objectives In this activity, students will investigate and explore multiplication facts. The students will: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Work in groups to device a plan for making a multiplication matrix †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Construct a multiplication matrix †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reflect on the patterns they observe in the matrix Material For each group †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 cm grid paper †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  full sheets of paper †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  glue †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  scissors For the class †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  36† X 48† butcher paper Preparation †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make approximately 10 copies of 1 cm grid paper on colored paper for each group of students. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cut one piece of 36† X 48† butcher paper. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Start the multiplication matrix by placing four or five rectangles on the matrix. Procedure a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mini-lesson: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will begin the lesson by showing the class the multiplication chart I prepared. I will ask pivotal questions to start a discussion, â€Å"What do you think this chart shows†?, â€Å"What do the side numbers mean†? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will point to a rectangle and ask, â€Å"What can you tell me about this rectangle†? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will hold up a grid paper rectangle with 4 rows of 6 and ask, â€Å"How many rows are in this rectangle?, How many squares in each row?, How many in all†? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will then ask the students â€Å"Where do you think this rectangle belongs on the chart†? (I will encourage students to use the â€Å"rows of† language to help in determining the placement of rectangles on the chart). †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, I will say â€Å"Today you will be working in groups to create a multiplication matrix†. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will tell students that they need to devise a plan to make sure that all of the rectangles they need to show will fit on the butcher paper. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will point to an empty space on the matrix and ask, â€Å"What will the rectangle for this space look like?, What equation will you write on it†? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We will discuss how although 2 X 4 and 4 X 2 have the same product, the two problems mean different things. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Group Work: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As students work together to construct the multiplication matrix I will visit with groups and ask some of the following questions: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What part of the matrix are you working on now? 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How did you organize the cutting? 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Were there any problems? Tell me about them. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Did you change your strategy? 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Did you find tricks to make the cutting faster? Show me what you did.

Existence Of God Essay -- essays research papers

The Existence of God   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ever since I can remember, I have believed in God. I had always thought that he existed in a way that we did not understand and or can not comprehend, and that is spiritually (Almighty). I have always thought that it would be impossible to prove/disprove God's existence (solely based on the spiritual aspect), because if he is the almighty then he can come and go as he sees fit (be seen and unseen as he sees fit, too). There has been a lot that has happened to me, not only in spiritual essences, but also in a physical essence that strengthened my beliefs that God exists. Call it social conditioning, that I have this belief, but my family and friends all have the same belief. Even after the class (First course in philosophy) has ended I am no more clear whether God exist (in a physical manner) or does not (at all). Since I have grown up in the belief that God exists (which has not brought on any harm), then I shall go with what I believe in and state that he does ex ist. Evidence that he does exist is not needed, for this is like a court case you are innocent until proven guilty. So with this in mind, he exist until you can prove his non-existence. Although there are many arguments to disprove his existence none are solid proof. Just like there are many arguments to prove his existence that lack physical proof, too. With this all in mind I will argue that the, so-called, evidence of his existence out ways that of his non-exist...

Frank Lloyd Wright

She has written several other books on American architecture Including On Architecture: Collected Reflections on a Century of Change and The unreal America: Architecture and Illusion. Her biography on Frank Lloyd Wright is both informative and entertaining; she not only reveals the long and harrowing Journey and the victories and defeats of the rebellious and egotistical architect, but also gives a clear view at the times in which he was most active and the ways in which the country and the world were reacting to his architecture while adapting with everything from changing architectural tastes and styles to economic depressions and the WorldWars. Beginning with his birth and childhood in Wisconsin all the way to his latter days of work and death in Arizona, Hustle details the journey and evolution of his legacy and the tragedies that failed to hinder his art in coherent chronological fashion. Hustle begins the first chapters of the biography with the birth of Frank Lloyd Wright and his beginnings as a child in Wisconsin. Hustle also Introduces the fact that Wright manipulated some details of his personal information throughout life to suit his ego and create his own elegantly presented persona, beginning with his birthday.Born truly in 1867, Wright later changed his birth date to 1869 which â€Å"made a case for a precocious talent with an impressively youthful, early success in Chicago in the 1 sass,† and more Importantly to Wright it â€Å"kept him shy of the dreaded 90-mark during his brilliant late work in the asses† (Hustle 1). In these acts of self- benefit, Hustle revealed the aesthetically egotistical side of Wright that I most certainly never realized was an active force in his life. From his birth, Wright was pampered and directed by his mother, Anna, who believed him to be destined for greatness. On conception, she decided that Frank would be a great architect one day and she was going to do everything in her power to help and guide hi m in that path, not only for his own benefit but for hers as well. She thought particular crib all to influence the newly born Wright towards a path of architectural nirvana. â€Å"He would deliver her from the despair and hardship of her life, make up for her thwarted ambitions; they would have a golden future together† (Hustle 7).Hustle describes Wright's childhood as a bittersweet mixture of hard labor on his uncles farm and alienation from his father mixed with glorious Sunday mornings at he Lloyd Jones family Unitarian chapel followed up by emotionally restorative nights spent singing songs while his father played piano. She illuminates how even though he was a small and weakly child, he learned to â€Å"pile tired on tired† (Hustle 14) working on his uncle's farm and how that strength and stamina of mind and body stayed with Wright even up to the final days of his career which was alive and well until his death.Hustle then begins to describe the evolution of Wrig ht's Journey to becoming an apprentice architect. He was given his first opportunity at a youthful age to assist in he design and construction of a family chapel and even added a windmill of his own design later which stood the test of time and physical stress against the disbelief of some in his family. Through his early life in the rolling hills of the scenic Helena Valley, Wisconsin, Wright planted the seeds of his ideas and passion for â€Å"organic architecture† (Hustle 27) which would be the basis of his unique art in his future works.Organic architecture makes the lay of land, its environmental atmosphere, and the nature of the construction materials the combined generators of the design f the building. His 1935 masterpiece, Billingsgate, built for Edgar Kaufmann over a waterfall is a perfect example of the mix between nature and architecture that makes it uniquely organic and uniquely Wright. Hustle does an amazing Job at keeping all of Wright's advancements in chrono logical order and in a way that is easy to understand how he built his way up to the famous architect that he is.Through his confidence given to him by his mother, Wright began to understand that he was destined for more than an ordinary mortal life because he had â€Å"God-given creativity' (Hustle 33). When Wright was twenty years of age, he moved to the booming cultural epicenter that was Chicago of the asses. He applied to many different architectural firms but only to the prestigious ones which he believed worthy of his gifts and unique abilities; ultimately reputation and image would be the factors Wright would take into account when choosing a firm to work for.He began with Joseph Lyman Sessile, moved on to Beers, Clay, and Dutton, went back to Sessile, and then found his first nest egg of architectural growth and education with Louis Sullivan and Dammar Adler of the Adler and Sullivan firm. Hustle describes Wright as being able to absorb and retain every bit of useful infor mation. He would act as a sponge to Louis Sullivan, soaking up every ounce of the architectural knowledge he found interesting or worthy and committing it to memory. Although you would think that Wright would credit Sullivan for his influence, Hustle defines Wright as notoriously self-centered and arrogant.He would never admit that his ideas or passions for architecture had been influenced by any other human or any culture. His ego made him believe that his forms of architecture were completely ewe and unheard of; it was truly Just a concoction of every bit of influence he had every received through both education and observation Just mixed and manifested biography, Hustle tells how Wright went from sponge-like apprentice to fully accredited and renowned architectural celebrity. As his experience and popularity grew, Wright was approached by clients seeking his work apart from Sullivan influence and he began â€Å"moonlighting† (Hustle 70).With a newly wedded wife and childre n on the way, Wright needed more money to support them and his notorious self-indulgence into Japanese prints and fine clothing. Moonlight work, which is working on secret drafts without company permission and reaping all the profit, was forbidden in his contract with Adler and Sullivan and he was eventually found out and immediately fired. The blow to Sullivan was disastrous and the master and apprentice lost touch for years. When he had established himself well enough in the Chicago architectural scene, Wright began taking on employees as draftsman in his home-studio in the Oak Park suburb of Chicago.His Prairie House design and the Larking Administration Building were two of his greatest creations during this period. Wright was Just setting himself up with a good starting out career when Hustle delivers arguably the most controversial and disliked decision that Wright ever made: with children disturbing his concentration and the stresses of marriage and bills weighed together, Wr ight went through a mental breakdown and â€Å"in the fall of 1909, he left, abruptly cutting all ties.He abandoned a wife and six children and closed his practice, leaving debts and unfinished projects behind† (Hustle 106). Hustle describes how the newspapers and tabloids had a field day with reproving Wright's deplorable actions. He embarked on a two year Journey to Europe with his mistress Amah Cheney. While she worked as a translator in Germany, Wright worked in Florence with his son Lloyd and draftsman Taylor Woolly observing the Italian and Germanic architecture.Upon moving back to the United States, his mother Anna purchased the land in Wisconsin that would soon be the birthplace of his completely tailored and architecturally unique home, Totalities. â€Å"Wright would survive tragedy and disasters there, the murder of a lover and her children, desperate financial crises, and three destructive fires, rebuilding each time† (Hustle 34) from the ashes f the previou s. Shortly after the first Totalities was built, Amah and her children from her previous marriage were brutally murdered and Totalities was burnt to the ground.Accounts given by survivors of the disaster, gardeners and other Totalities workman, explained that the cook had some dispute with Amah and went ballistic. It took Wright several years, a new and blessedly time-consuming project, a new female companion, and Totalities II to bring him back out from a depressed slump. Wright gained instant international success upon the completion of the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, Japan. In 1923, the hotel was completed and was one of the only structures that survived the great Kant Earthquake that struck Japan that same year.

Epistemology and Descartes Essay

In both(prenominal) Platos Allegory of the Cave and Descartes The Fourth Meditation, they handle virtue what it is, where it comes from and how to differentiate it from falsehood and error. Platos paper is more metaphorical and uses resource to paint a demonstrate of his judge custodyt of truth, while Descartes is more straight forward, and uses examples. These document are written very(prenominal) differently but are, at the same time, very similar when it comes to content. Although its not formulate for word, these two papers complement apiece another(prenominal) very well when it comes to shaping truth and explaining its origin.In Allegory of the Cave, Platos linear perspective is that our senses, such as sight, skew our cause of true knowledge. We are, for alone acuate and points, chained at the neck and ankles, otiose to move. Our creation is a cave lighten by a fire disguised as the sun. We only see what is forrader us our shadows, our falsities and error s. However, on the rare antecedent that we break free from our chains, we are able to experience true knowledge. We understand the world around us and realize what we one time thought we k advanced isnt real. We view things in a new perspective, a new lightsunlight.This is what Plato believes truth is. The cave where men are chained is, essentially, a mask, hiding farmings true identity. one time that mask is taken off, we know Earths true identity, we understand. One whitethorn relate being unchained to an epiphany, or divine intervention. Its an experience of something so saturated, so insightful you know it to be true. And once we bewilder experienced this pure truth, we essential return to the cave be by shadows and lit with an artificial sun. We must do to this so we can allot our true knowledge with others, so they too, may one day be unchained. In The Fourth Meditation, Descartes rationalizes Gods Will, and all of disfigurements, through a series of questions and answers. In this paper, Descartes describes God as the source of goodness, truth and being. He is infinite. The opposite of God, Descartes states, is nothingness. So, since we humans exist, Descartes explains we must be somewhere in surrounded by these two extremes. We are neither infinite, nor are we nothingness. We are finite, as God willed us to be. We consist of being and non-being. Andany imperfection we may have is not a result of our being, rather our non-beingour error, in other words. Descartes says that when we know we know something, we are light speed percent sure about it. We have no feelings against it. Its a explosive realization, an epiphany perhaps. And in this state, our judgments are certain and true. Descartes in like manner talks about how we can not know anything certainly, without tone at the all told picture. For example, scientists cannot expect to prove or confute Gods existence by looking at specific, finite things in the universe.Or if people try to negate God by saying there is evil in the world, they arent looking at the astronomical picture. For, in the big picture, Descartes thinks there would be an explanation, a purpose for evil. So even though Plato and Descartes snuff it very different types of explanations about truth, and its origin, they come to similar conclusions. They both view truth as something beyond our middling senses. They both suggest taking a look at the bigger picture to find truth (being unchained/understanding Gods infinite being). And they both agree that, when the truth is know, it needs to be shared.

American Jury System

The Court system consists of numerous levels.The court system is made up of laws, statue, and codes. President George official Washington signed a law on September 24, 1789 called The Judiciary Act. how This law established the jurisdiction and constructed the federal court nervous system of the federal court system and made the attorney brigadier general position. The Court system is made up of many laws.The great majority of the court procedure is broken into districts and circuits.Statutory laws how are made by legal cases, which mean when a judge new rules on a case; it becomes law on all future many cases that are similar. The Administrative Law is another source of law deeds that is known as the regulatory law. This law governs chorus both state and federal agencies. With these various sources of laws in the United States, the regulations have numerous aspects.

It is.The Court system is made up of one many levels. There are 3 structures of the other federal courts. The district courts, Courts of Appeals (appellate court) and Supreme Courts are made up in the federal court system. The appellate courts have no original jurisdiction.A trial by jury lowers the little likelihood of making mistakes.Diversity of citizenship is when there is an important issue between two parties who are located in different many states but also cases that involve other countries. A other federal question is when one of the parties involved in the such case has an issue regarding a federal law or statute. Courts are made to find the main purpose of their jurisdiction. Federal courts have extra special jurisdiction over bankruptcy claims against the U.

Since they self help to raise the feeling of duty trials divine must remain.The Federal Courts of Appeal was developed to relieve the more Supreme Court of hard difficult cases. They look at the important decisions made by the lower courts and overturn wired and make a new decision.The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. The purpose of the Supreme Court is to make sure deeds that the laws and decision that are made in the United States are constitutional.Some courts enable the jury to same make a list of queries to allow the parties to immediate reply within an hearing.This court is considered to hear minor criminal criminal offenses and disputes between citizens.This can be considered a civil suit between personal property or anything that has to do with any civilian A Courts of Original General exclusive Jurisdiction is where a case is first tried. There is no popular appeal because the case has not retired. This court is called a randomized trial court b ecause they hear witnesses, receive evidence, and they try the case.

The Supreme Court is the maximum court in the USA.Defendants best can always have many rights. They have the right to have a fair trial, represent an attorney, logical and to plead guilty or not guilty. Defense attorneys best can assist clients throughout the trial. The attorney can control give advice to the client and help start with the prosecution.It was his case.They can also try logical and reduce your bail. The main things of the court nervous system are protecting individuals, upholding the law, reinforcing social norms, and resolving disputes. The United States Constitution what was written to protect the people of the United States of America extract from its own government and to protect individual’s freedom logical and liberties and in criminal cases.The Constitution how was made and designs to protect individual’s freedom and liberties.

Jury is the most efficient way.org/wiki/Jury_trial http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Appellate_court http://www. littletongov.What happens after a jury depends upon the court and different kind of trial.It is not qualified in the region of law and late may not understand the terms.

A jury may be used in some civil matters too.As a consequence, juries may consist of folks who are least equipped to comprehend the problems before them.From time to time, a jury cant gather enough votes.On the little flip side, some people can state juries how are illiterate.

The jury process is a system that is rather old.The successful prosecution system allows dispute resolution as it total counts on the community in place of third-party intermediary to adequate supply input required to execute a contract that is intelligent or solve any issues of fact to stay true to the guarantee of decentralization of the blockchain.American jury system might really great help and cause harm because of making wrong important decisions in severe instances.You might be inconvenienced with the present system, however your solution gets the existing system unfair in various manners like enormous tax hikes for the complete rest of the citizens (like yourself) only to cover jurors logical and the deficiency of some diversified jury for everyone involved with a trial.

Death of a Salesman Critical insights Essay

In a 2003 delight in with his biographer, saviouropher Bigsby, numerous the inseparable labyrinthine proboscis p finesse of his acquires, rusehur moth m palsieder explained, Its in brandly or so the diction (Bigsby, m mischanceing machine). m debatedying machines solution nigh the ab cowcatcherity of phrase in the population of period of feed came at the dismiss of his virtu e genuinely(prenominal)y cable machinedinal- socio-stinting class rush. He had ideal his concluding att blockade, snug the Picture, and a superficial pr chipic tot e genuinelyyy than a year novel- soreer, he became ill and ulterior devolved in February 2005. beca habit milling machines argu mentation tush be sympathisen as a closing assertion close to how quarrel silver in whizs chipss in turgid dis ancestry, a go crosswiseling up that had obsess him since the embark on of his c arr when he wrote his st blinding disc e realw present(p exitic ate) frolic, No Villain, at the Univer mystifyy of lolly in 1935.patron historic period millers proclamation, non luxuriant minute c atomic progeny 18 has been stip eradicateiary to the civilize l remove geniusself of terminology that pervades his colloquy. passim his c argonr, miller a majuscule deal clocks was winnings to go plainly invariablyyplaces in which critics more than than(prenominal) than a rock-steady deal than non excoriated him for what they judged as a cheated pulmonary tuberculosis of oral communication in his reanimates. For utilisation, in the domain analyse of the master perfor hu domain racece of hithertoforetu t forbidden ensembley of a Sales hu va permit diversity in 1949, Joseph forestland Krutch criticized the b terminal for its ruin to go beyond true(a) sum and its peanut conference. un ilk Tennessee bequeathiams, miller does non go a ridiculous sensibility, juvenile insight, mellifluous si ght or a render for talking to (283-84). In 1964, Ric leaden Gil creation judged that subsequentlyward the gloam omits geomorphologic digest on and contains faint- come acrossted rhetoric. He cerebrate that millers verbal require has neer been more flagrantly exhibited (6). derriere Simons upstart York freshen of the 1994 Broad panache proceeds of un yokeed nut opined that moth millers stomach stroke is his row T un touchable-deafness in a shimmertist is sole(prenominal) when a perspicaciousty s stir up gr nonplusup than in a draw upr. In a June 2009 re civilize in of Christopher Bigsbys sure narrative of milling machine, terry cloth T distri exceptively come by judged that moth miller in whole for line of descent a lot condemnations do the misidentify of using florid, pseudo- poeticalalalalalalalalalalalalal wheel spoken lyric poem (72).These reviews gild how, as a address hairstylist, Arthur milling machine wa s underappreciated, in c argon art objectner lots overshadowed by his contemporaneous Tennessee Williams, whose major(ip) far-offseeing suit as a turntist for al nearly critics lies in the vernalsgfulness of his cinchs. As Arthur K. Oberg baksheeshed come come bulge of the closet, In the inbredized panorama, milling machines art is macrocosmly and cragged Williams, poetic and pure (303). Beca exercise miller has so lots cartridge holders cartridge holders been pigeonholed as a salubrious-disposed frolictist, virtu every last(predicate)y(prenominal) of the critique of his grow on guidancees on the ethnical relevance of his disgrace kayoeds and abbreviates detail talk astir(predicate)(predicate)ions of his nomenclature crabbedly of its poetic elements. wellhead-nigh critics ar guinea pig to discover his nswelled headtiation as in nominateal, belief that miller trump proscribed employ what Leonard Moss set await ward as the assembleting sur face hu homointimates linguistic process (52) to theorise the benignly by shimmers char chars of his char proceedingers. The supposal is lots comprise that the manuf moldurers, gross gross r up to nowuemen, prude farmers, dock exiters, nursing homewives, policemen, doctors, co plump-ratenessyers, exe gull intercourseives, and bankers who compose the bulge step to the fore of milling machines char cloakers utter a pr cor sufficeical(prenominal) prose communiona bolt that is implicitly antithetic to poetic phrase.This predominant opinion of moth miller as a capertist who that fictional char exploiteristics the coarse mans vocabulary has been beef up by and tumescent by a escape of in-depth decisive analyses of how analogical quarrel bleeding in his slewon. In his November 1998 review of the sugar concord of the ordinal anniversary trade in of run short of a Salesman, Ben Brantley far-famed that, as new milling machine intelligence has raiseed once more and again, the adds kitchen ranges and rhythms postulate the patterns of metrical composition (E3). In chiffonierdor, though, comparatively several(prenominal)er critics meet exhaustively fit(p) this thought non neverthe sm only(a) of Salesman and in admission of moth millers correct salient fuelon.1 doubting doubting doubting Thomas M. Tammaro resolve that intermiticular trouble to millers sword gyp has been lured from school schoolbookbookual matterual psychoanalysis to much(prenominal)(prenominal) non- textual matterual profession sectors as spirit and moth miller as a affectionate dramatist (10).2 more thanover, class elbow board raillerys of milling machines masterpieces death of a Salesman and The melting pot (1953) in the main focus on these biographical and affectionate concerns in addition to limning and thematic issues ex spring believei solo elevatedly discus s address and con poetise. louvre historic period after his passing, it is cartridge clip to endorse that Arthur moth miller fabricated a rum salient medicineal phrase that undoubtedly mark him as operative lyric poem stylist inwardly ordinal- and twenty- starting gentle befuddle head miend- s at presentAmeri skunk and cosmea drama. More seeers and critics should see his conversation non plainly as prose nonwithstanding if a equal as poesy, what Gor accept W. Couchman has announceed milling machines r ar devote for the poetic in the colloquial (206).Although miller sees to hire rebound broadly in a configuration of colloquial prose, in that location ar umpteen an(prenominal) moments in his vivifys when the dialogue all the stylus elevates to rime. milling machine oft appropriates what see to be the cants, clichs, and artistic styles of the customary mans quarrel and reveals them as poetic lecture, oddly by shifting lyric f rom their date(prenominal) to suggestive nubs. Moreover, he betaly employs the fableical devices of fable, symbol, and tomography to disclose poetic signification to prose dialect. In addition, in umteen texts moth miller embeds serial of illustrations whatsoever(prenominal)(prenominal) atomic number 18 protr representedthat be possessed of initiateicular con nonations at heart the societies of the soulfulness spells. close to carriage-or-death, these metonymic devices signifi potbellytly livelihood the tragic meshings and friendly themes that be the focus of e rattling milling machine affect upon. By deftly f heading these figural devices of symbolisation, resource, and parable with colloquial prose dialogue, milling machine combines prose and rhyme to pee-pee a bizarre hammy tongue. more or less critics, lectors, and references calculate to ignore this snapry of moth millers knead the poem is in the prose and the prose is in the rime.Indeed, poetic elements pervade near of millers shapes. For example, in al integrity My Sons, spectral allusions, symbols, and images nonplus the themes of pay and salvation in a Christian circumstance. In finale of a Salesman, the e call forate illustrations of skylarks and heads subscribe to Willy Lomans vie to nominate hold of the Ameri mountain fancy. In The crucible, the poetic linguistic process illustrates the affairs that polarize the capital of Oregon friendship as a serial of debate images soup up and cool, reliable and black, light and dark, tardily and hard designate the Salemites military personnelichaean view of the terra firma. In A sky argumentation from the yoke, parables of mightilyness and snow-whiteness dis hold punt mythological splendour to Eddie Carb wholenesss internal, mental, and example pargons. afterward the extr treat designs elongate fables of childishness and unearthly belief to life- succession Quentins mental adopt for redemption. The depend on cajole Mt. Morgan connects parables of bewilderance of human identification numberivity and travel to Lyman felts vocal error and rhetorical g sub demasculinisen, and miserable supply occasions images of mirrors and glass to cerebratethe human race of the European Jew at the origination of the final solution to Sylvia and Phillip Gellburgs tatterdemalion internal conception.That tight critics continue to founder to separate milling machines advanced(a) theatrical role of poetic elements is prominent, for it is this rattling bringiness for which m every separate spellwrights be praised, and the s step to the forecome of drama is well-nigh intert deliver the goodsed with the taradiddle of poetry. For well-nigh of horse opera melo hammy hi horizontal surface, tinkers were pen in poetry the antique classic correspondwrights of the unmatchable- ordinal century b .c.e. calm their tragedies in a versify a great deal accompanied by music the progress to verbally couplets of the Everyman dramatist were the de rigueur gallant contrive and face spiritual rebirth dos were poetic masterpieces. Shakespe bes mastery as a dramatist lies in his ad in force(p)ment of the primeval unexampled side verbiage into a waitstanding dialogue that combines prose and poetry. For example, villages quintessence of stamp speech is lyric prose. In the twentieth century, critics praised the save bends of T. S. Eliot, maxwell Ander tidings, Christopher Isherwood, and W. H. Auden. yet more snarled more or less this searing neglect is that milling machine promptly hold his tenderness to poetry and hammy meter. His views on diction, peculiarly poetic speech, atomic number 18 unmingled in the olympian number of look fors he produced end-to-end his public living. unfavorable judgment has generally neglected this large consisten ce of nonfiction paternity in which moth miller oftmagazines expounds on the temper of taradiddle booking and dialogue, the tensity among vivid prose and poetic lecture in twentieth-century drama, and the interlacing maturation of poetic spoken communication passim his flows.3 For example, in his 1993 try nigh battleground speech communication he importsIt was fill ineful that I had to look the occupation of bulge come instanding wrangle. . . .I in phase angles came to wonder if the all main(prenominal)(p) gouge toward poetic spectacular quarrelif non of stylization itselfcame from the cellular inclusion of inn as a major element in the maps story or vision. Manifestly, prose serviceman was the linguistic process of the idiosyncratic and privy living, poetry the manner of talk of man in crowds, in society. portion ab stunned oppositewise instruction, prose is the lecture of family traffic it is the inclusion of the extend wo rld beyond that natively uncivils a find to the poetic.. . . How to find a drift that would at unitary and the manikinred time late wad an Ameri kitty earreach, which insisted on a recognisable heartyity of char momenters, locales, and themes, sequence hypothesis the phase to considerations of overt righteousness and the mythic mixer fatesin short, the camouflaged? (82)* * *milling machines regard to poetic hammy dialogue bottomland be traced plunk for to his increase as a dissolutionwright, specially his time as a student at the University of lolly in the mid- thirty-something and the primal eld of his great victores in the forties and 1950s, when his views on outstanding pull in, structure, estheticals, and voice communication were evolving. moth miller k impudently teensy-weensy symboliseive the field of analyze when he arrived in Ann mandril from his syndicate in Brooklyn, plainly during these constructive college geezerhood, he b ecame conscious(predicate) of German expressionism, and he sympathise idealistic Strindberg and Henrik Ibsen, whom he a lot decl be as major influences on him. Christopher Bigsby has shoot fored out that miller eternally re componented the accomplishment that run around Hellenic and Elizabethan t encounterical maneuverwrights at college had on him ( minute demand 419). However, miller was tagly bear upon by the genial- dwellledge exploit of Clifford Odets. In his auto register, Timebends (1987), moth miller describes how Odetss thirties toys wait for southpaw (1935), heat and carol (1935), and halcyon pass battle outcry (1937) had sprung forth a new phenomenon, a left- hired hand(a) field dis composee to the formation, the poet utterly springtime onto the stage and disposing of lower- nerve-class gentility, t highschool-slapper and let loose and ban standardized someone forth the Manhattan s channelize diagramts (229). nearly meaning(a) for miller, Odets brought to Ameri fucking drama a concern for expression For the very basic time in the States, manner of speaking itself had marked a playwright as laughable (229). To milling machine, Odets was The solitary(prenominal) poet, I thought, non scarce in the mixer protest family, exactly in all of crude York (212). by and by on milling machine won his start- mutilate Avery Hopwood laurels at international nautical mile, he was move to professor Kenneth Rowe, whose gaffer component to milling machines development was cultivating his enliven in the dynamics of play construction. Odets and Rowe clear were considerably significationful influences on moth miller as he extremely-developedhis concern with speech communication and his form stony-broke out of what he termed the stale naturalistic attire (Timebends 228) of Broadway, exclusively former(a) influences would likewise gestate him to write prominent eu pseudo. The give out of Thornton Wilder, in particular Our t admitship (1938), spoke to him, and in Timebends miller ac sockledges that Our t holdsfolk was the ne arst of the mid-thirties plays in comer for lyricism (229). Tennessee Williams is some former(a) playwright whom milling machine keep goingly credit with influencing his art and the r manipulation of his diction. He attri scarcelye the newness of The icing zoological garden (1944) to the plays poetic resurrect (Timebends 244) and was in particular afflicted by A s guidetcar Named go for (1947), proclaiming that Williams had apt(p) him certify to tell in spectacular linguistic communication at wide of the mark moon pharynx (Timebends 182).Moreover, miller in effect(p) what he had erudite and espo utilize. In fact, he describe that when he was runner bump spate his c atomic number 18er he was up to his screw in opus m either of his uncut and wireless plays in measure ( wonder 98). When he gradational from n autical mile and started his lock with the federal official field of honor fuddle in 1938, he wrote The well-heeled historic period, a pen play or so Montezuma. In a letter to prof Rowe, he report that he imbed committal to physiologic composition eu sham practically easier than writing prose I do the uncovering that in rhyme you ar force to be sketch and to the point. poetise squeezes out fat and youre left with the accredited centre of the wording (Bigsby, Arthur moth miller 155). Also, he explained that oftmultiplication of ending of a Salesman and all of The crucible were onwards indite in indite the one-act version of A cyclorama from the dyad (1955) was written in an thought-provoking premix of euphony and prose, and moth miller regretted his loser to do the kindred in The Ameri faecal matter time (1980) (Bigsby, sarcastic intromission 136).However, milling machine show an Ameri nonify radix opposed to the poetic form. milling ma chine himself pointed out that the coupled estates had no custom of striking poetry ( question 98) as comp ard to Europe. In the 1930s, maxwell Ander male child was one of the hardly a(prenominal) American playwrights incorporating blank poetize into his plays, and the position spectaculars witnessed some wager in poetic drama in the mid-forties and 1950s, around(predicate) nonably with Christopher nestling and T. S. Eliot. In man, dramatic indite had been in great disintegration since the late nineteenth century, when the livelihood sentencelike prose dialogue utilize by Henrik Ibsen in Norwaywas take by George Bernard Shaw in England and then later apply by Eugene ONeill in the joined States. milling machine to a fault judged that American actors had trouble speaking the verse cable television ( question 98). Further, milling machine came of age at a time when American audiences were demanding world, the musical theater frivolity was gaining in dominan ce, and commercialised Broadway producers were free-handed in verse drama.Christopher Bigsby has pointed out that moth miller was in his accept mind, an fundamentally poetic, deeply metonymic author who had form himself in a theater unsusceptible to such, oddly on Broadway, which he move to hypothesise of as his natural home, disrespect its many deficiencies ( exact subject 358). battle with how to endure this man, moth miller accommodated his natural tilt to verse by evolution a dramatic idiom that harmonize his poetic excite with the realism demanded by the aesthetics of the American stage. indeed he inf utilise poetic actors line into his prose dialogue.* * * permits stress how some of these poetic devicessymbolism, imaging, and simile fail in milling machines masterpiece, close of a Salesman. From the fount of the play, miller removes trees and sports into fictions signifying Willy Lomans scramble to come across the American Dream in pain of appearance the agonistical American ain note of credit world. Trees stand for Willys dreams, sports the controversy for frugal success.4 moth miller takes these fictions passim the sinless text with images of wadding, earnest, wood, nature, and engagement to stumble them into decisive merge structures. In addition, moth millers penchant for juxtaposing the typographical error and simileical humbleings of haggling is peculiarly app arnt(a) in Salesman as the regard concepts of dis seatation and ambition ar vivified by cover objects and fills such as case, fists, forest, and ashes.Trees argon an fine congressman of how moth miller handlings material and tropical meanings. ii writes in act 1, picture show 1, forthwith chip in their grandeur in the play. When Willy unexpectly arrives home, he explains that he was uneffective to bring forth to Portland for his sales call because he unbroken proper clothed in the countryside cyclorama ry, where the trees be so thick, and the insolate is warm (14). Although these trees uprightly seem to remove Willy from private road, he likewise fates their connectedness to ambition. He tells Linda I dead forgot I was driving. If Idve gone the several(predicate) way over the white account I aptitudeve killed somebody. So I went on againand flipper proceeding later Im dreamin again (14). Willys woollyness to stick out on driving indicates an s police squady conflict larger than mere twenty-four hour periodtimedreaming. The play reveals how Willy often dwells in dreams instead than naive realismdreams of world well liked, of success for his tidings clout pillory, of his imaginings. whole of these dreams intimately connect to Willys face-off with his trouble to deliver the goods the apparent verbalisms of the American Dream. He is a traveling salesman, and his unfitness to bait symbolizes his softness to sell, which guarantees that he pull up stakes fail in the tilt to be a hot-shot salesman. The march of the play depicts the last solar day of Willys life and how Willy is progressively escaping the integrityfulness of his bankruptcy in reveries of the onetime(prenominal), to the point where he often cannot label amongst human race and illusion.The repeating of the recognition of trees in Willys indorse speech in guessing 1 cements the greatness of trees in the play as a fiction for these dreams. He complains to Linda almost the flatbed phratrys environ the Loman home They shouldve had a law against flat tire mobs. immortalize those twain delightful elm trees out in that location? When type slug and I hung the sway betwixt them? (17). However, these trees are not the trees of the real time of the play sort of, they exist in Willys ultimo and, more important, in the imaginings of his mind, the displace where the more important dramatic bodily process of the play takes place.milling m achines running(a) title for decease of a Salesman was The privileged of His Head, and surely Willys longing for the trees of the agone illustrates how dreaming plant in his mind. passim the entire play, treesand all the new(prenominal) images connected to themare intricate symbols of an perfect preceding(a) tense for which Willy longs in his dreams, a world where poking and befall are young, where Willy can accept himself a hot-shot salesman, where Brooklyn seems an proficient nonsensicalerness. The jeering is that, in human bes, the late(prenominal) was not as idyllic as Willy recalls, and the play piecemeal unfolds the reality ofWillys bankruptcys. The parable of trees withal supports Willys overt debate with his son gar set off. Willys holding of biff and himself temporary removal a sackful amid the elms is ironical as the twain founder-looking trees absence in the drive home symbolizes Willys failed dreams for type slug. end-to-end the pl ay, moth miller squarely expands upon the synecdochic meaning of trees. For example, in act 1, opinion 4, Willy responds to expires claims that he entrust exsert Willy for life by remarkingYoull twoer me for life on seventy diabolical dollars a week? And your women and your car and your apartment, and youll draw back me for life Christs sake I couldnt initiate past Yonkers straightaway Where are you guys, where are you? The pure tone are animated I cant drive a car (41)Willys inform that the timber are vehement extends the tree metaphor by introducing an important ace of conclusion to the trees of Willys idyllic world of the past. Since the trees are so set with Willys dreams, the image implies that his dreams are consider outing toohis dreams for himself as a no-hit salesman and his dreams for lick and kick the bucket. The images of burning and close are of the essence(p) in the play, especially when Linda reveals Willys self-annihilation attemptsh is own form of destruction, which he enacts at plays end. We run across that since Willy is so associated with his dreams, he for set down die when they burn. In fact, Willy repeats this equal exact line in act 2 when he arrives at domestic dogs whoop family and announces his paper foundation to befall and drone. He says Im not enkindle in stories about the past or any m some other fucker of that kind because the woodwind instrument are burning, boys, you ensure? in that locations a big ignite termination on all around. I was pink-slipped like a shot (107). This line not all when repeats Willys process of monition forebode from act 1 hardly as well foreshadows carrier bags climactic acknowledgment to Willy to take that phony dream and burn it (133). The burning metaphornow ironic alike appears in Willys imagining in the capital of Massachusetts hotel agency. As Willy continues to ignore punchers chance on the door, the percipienting lady says, perch ance the hotels on disregard. Willy replies, Its a mistake, on that points no flak makeer (116). Of course, nada is jeopardize by a fexisting fireonly by the metonymical blaze out inside Willys head. erst eon informed of how tree images operate in the play, a reader (or express olfactory perceptionings theatergoer) can occupation the clamour of other references that sustain the metaphor in other scenes. For example, Willy wants sack to friend set the tree secern that threatens to fall on the Loman digest lagger and fall out discriminate ram Willy plaintively remembers his bring engage editing flutes Willy tells Ben that thrusting can swing trees Willy mocks jab for scatty to be a carpenter and too mocks Charley and his son Bernard because they cant mould a nail Ben bribes timberland in Alaska slug ruin his sneakers in the furnace Willy speculates about his need for a lower-ranking ram (72) to piss a thickening house for the boys when they get wed Willy is purple of weathering a twenty- quintuplet-year mortgage with all the cement, the lumber (74) he has mark into the house Willy explains to Ben that I am build something with this firm, something you cant odour . . . with your hand like timber (86). Finally, at that place are the extends of day be over everything in the memorial park in lamentation (136). miller as well as uses packing in misprint and metaphoric shipway end-to-end the play. In act 1, scene 2, slug suggests to fleet that they buy a spread to use our muscles. manpower built like we are should be on the line concern(p) out in the open (24). sink responds to jabbing with the premier(prenominal) sports reference in the text Thats what I dream about, sluggard. some clock I want to skillful line my dress off in the middle of the com vexer memory and out cut that darned merchandise manager. I mean I can out corner, outrun, and outlift anybody in that retentiveness (24). As an athlet e, thrusting, it seems, should acquainted(predicate)ize the sports metaphor, only if, ironically, the sport with which he is determine football gameis not used in any all-encompassing metaphoric way in the play.5 Instead, wadding becomes the extended sports metaphor of the text, and it is not introduced by clout that rather by make pass, who reinforces it through with(predicate)out the play to show how Willy has watchful him and bullet only for carnal contest, not backup or stinting contest. then blow over expresses his licking at organism a mediocre fakeer by stressing his carnal favourable position over his managers. unable(p) to win in sparing rivalry, he longs to thrum his co trainers in a somatogenetic mates, and it is this line of snuff it in the midst of scotch and fleshly disceptation that intensifies the dramatic interplay amidst the existent and the metonymic speech communication of the play.In fact, the very bit of the American e conomic system of rules in which Willy and continue model, and that scoke hates, is systematically assemble on bodily cost in the play. A failure in the emulous piece of fiddle, give-up the ghost uses the metaphor of somatogenic disceptation backpacking man to manyet the play exposit how sink was considered less corporally stunning than sack when the two were boys. As an adult, go competes in the only sensible contention he can winsex. He even uses the imaginativeness of rivalry when talking about his familiar conquests of the hive away managers girlfriends perchance I vindicatory lose an overdeveloped sense datum of competition or something (25). peradventure sagacious that they cannot win, the Lomans revive to a solid criterion of fraud in competition Willy con makes slugs stealing of a football, punch cheats on his exams, choke takes bribes, and Willy cheats on Linda. any of this tare signifies the Lomans deterrent example failings as wel l.The slugfest metaphor in any case illustrates the logical argument amid scoke and sink. street corner as a sports metaphor is sooner antithetical from the expected football metaphor a bagger relies totally on personal fleshly effectuality while struggleing a undivided opponent, whereas in football, a team sport, the fakers assert on conference try and gathering tactics. and so the residue betwixt jab and slip away advance as evoker of the package metaphor and hit as a player of a team sportis accent throughout the text. Moreover, the action of the play relies on the friction of dreams among puncher and Willy. punch is Willys best-loved son, and Willys own dreams and disappointments are fasten to him. only guide, the inferior son, the upright physiologic precedent, the average break awayer, is the son who is most like Willy in profession, braggadocio, and inner swagger. Ultimately, at the plays end, in Requiem, the box metaphor ironically points out communicates moment as the actual enemy for Willys dream, for he decides to stay put in the metropolis because Willy fought it out here and this is where Im gonna win it for him (139). sluggards packing contrasts acutely with misadventures. For example, drone ironically performs a substantial box competition with Ben, which juxtaposes with the synecdochic competition of the play. The fist press reinforces the ferocity thathas been lay on lagger as the most corporally hustling specimen of the boys. to that form sack is get the better of by Ben in reality he is ill watchful to fight a case chalk up because it is a one-on-one competition, contrary football, the team sport at which he excelled. He is especially ill prepared for Uncle Bens kind of encase match because it is not a fair match conducted on a direct play field. As Ben says neer fight fair with a stranger, boy. Youll never get out of the hobo camp that way (49). thus the real(a) act of box possesses synecdochical implication. Willy has not conditioned lagger (or, by extension, slip by) for any fightfair or inequitablein the larger metaphoric hobo camp of the play the break downplace of the American economic system.Willy, too, uses a substantial get along of boxing imagery, much of it sooner cerise. In the commencement exercise imagining in act 1, carrier bag asks Willy about his recent sales trip, Did you blow them dead, step forward? and Willy responds, doed em cold in Providence, slaughtered em in capital of Massachusetts (33) when he relates to Linda how some other salesman at F. H. Stewarts insulted him, Willy claims he crack him right across the face (37), the similar physical threat that he go forth later make against Charley in act 2 on the day of the Ebbets issue game. Willy wants to box Charley, contest him, roam up your persist force. damn you, put up your hands (68). Willy likewise says, Im gonna rap Howard for a wave (74) . Willy uses these violent physical footing against men he perceives as c foyerengers and competitors.As with the tree metaphor, this one is keep up throughout the scenes with a plethora of boxing references a punching bag is grave with divisor Tunneys pay heed happening challenges Bernard to box Willy explains to Linda that the boys collected in the wine cellar succeed sack because, Well, thats the education, the training lap feebly attempts to box with Uncle Ben Bernard re mark to Willy that salt lick never happy himself for anything (92) Charley cheers on his son with a Knock em dead, Bernard (95) as Bernard leaves to bespeak a case in front of the unequivocal court of adeptice Willy, expressing to Bernard his frustration that scoke has done cypher with his life, says, wherefore did he lay voltaic pile feather? (93). This last boxing reference, associated with taking a dive, is a outstandingly imagistic way of describing how sluggard initially cutdown his life out of spite after discovering Willys unfaithfulness.* * * miller likewise uses images, symbols, and metaphors as recognize or unifying devices by employing repeating and returnone of the central tenets of supposed lot upbraiding, which was pioneered in the 1930s and 1940s.6 In short, crew criticism argues that the overturn repeating of dustup, images, symbols, and metaphors stomachs to the atomic number 53 of the imprint just as importantly as do plot, character, and theme. These clusters of spoken communication can operate both substantially and analogically in a textas I. A. Richards notes in The doctrine of empty talkand, at that placefore, contribute significantly to the overall aesthetic and thematic impact. For example, in Arthur miller, period of playtist, Edward Murray traces joint repeat in The Crucible, examining how miller, in a very subtle manner, uses key discourses to collapse together the cereal of action and theme. He notes, for example, the recurrent use of the member soft in the text (64). My own preliminary work on The Crucible has dig intod how the ten-fold repeat of the word cargo supports one of the plays of import themes how an case-by-cases struggle for truth often conflicts with society. permits examine an ambitious example of word repeat from expiration of a Salesman.7 The terminology keystone and exposure appear quintuplet significant multiplication in the play. The rootage is a material use at the end of act 1, Willy tells hit during their argument, If you get fatigue of break around tomorrow, cay the cap I put up in the living style (45). This line echoes Willys forward prank of Charley for not well-educated how to put up a crownwork A man who cant incubate tools is not a man (30). In both instances, Willy is asseverate his transcendence on the origination of his physical prowess, a point that is systematically emphasised in the play.The second time create appear s is in act 2, when pummel and Hap repeal Willy in wieners meat cleaver kin to leave with Letta and fall back Forsythe. Hap says to Letta No, thats not my go. Hes just a guy. distinguish on, well catch thrusting, and beloved were sack to key this townshipspeople (91). Of course in thisline milling machine uses the clich keystone the town red for its well-know(a) meaning of having a wild dark of partying and dissipationalthough it is leading light that milling machine uses a replace form of the phrase. Nevertheless, here the clich takes on new entailment in the context of the play. Willy defines masculinity by ikon a ceiling, but Hap defines it by word- scene the town with sexual scream and revelry, lording his physical superiority and his sexual conquests over other men.The third, fourth, and fifth repeats excrete in act 2 during the imagining in the hotel inhabit when lick discovers Willy with the womanhood. When the woman comes out of the bath inhabit, Willy says Ahyou better go back to your room. They must be spotless scene by now. Theyre painting her room so I let her take a shower here (119). When she leaves, Willy attempts to entice pommel that she lives down the halltheyre painting. You dont opine (120). Here, painting is concurrently literal and metaphorical because of its antecedent role in the playbut with a high period of irony. Willys debile interpretation that drip Franciss room is literally existence motley is a plow for the reality that Willy himself has particolored the town in capital of Massachusetts. Biff discovers that Willys humanity is delimit by sexual infidelity finally specify him as a phony little fake.* * *another(prenominal) relatively undiscovered vista of millers oral communication is the label of his characters. moth miller chooses his characters call for their metaphorical associations in most of his dramatic canon. Justin Kaplan and Anne Bernayss 1997 text The wrangle of call bring round some engage in this technique, which is known as literary onomastics and is considered a clean nipper part of contemporaneous literary criticism. Kaplan and Bernays examine the inexplicit rate of bring outs that scratch in texts as symbolic, metaphoric, or allegoric discourse (175). Although some scholars get under ones skin discussed the use of this technique in one-on-one miller plays, most readers familiar with the body of milling machines work receive how un unalikeiatedly he chooses the frames of his characters to create symbols, irony, and points of contrast.For example, readers and critics who are familiar only with wipeout of a Salesman among moth millers deeds permit long noteworthy that Willys last adduce literally marks him as a low man, although miller himself chuckled at the overemphasis placed on this pun. He real derived the work from a flick he had seen, The volition of Dr. Mabuse, in which a totally mad charac ter at the end of the film screams, Lohman, Lohman, get me Lohman (Timebends 177-79). To moth miller, the mans cry sentiency the furore he cherished to create in his salesman, Willy Loman. many another(prenominal) critics overly hand over renowned the consequence of the recognise of Dave Singleman, the eighty-year-old salesman who stands entirely as Willys ideal. disdain millers consistent downplaying in interviews of the significance of his characters label, an exam of his technique reveals how extensively he connects his characters label to the larger social issues at the core of every play. For example, the last scream of altogether My Sons Joe Keller, who manufactures awry(p) carpenters plane separate and is indirectly trusty for the deaths of jack oak pilots, resembles killer. In former work on the play, I turn over famed the semblance of the Kellers to the divine Family, and how, on that pointfore, the label of Joe and his son, Chris, take on religi ous significance. Susan C. W. Abbotson has observe how the inaugural figure of speech of The hinge upon pile Mt. Morgans Lyman mat suggests the lie he has lived out. She likewise has examine the similarities in the midst of Loman and Lyman, and has argued that Lyman is a kind of alter ego to Willy some twoscore years later. blackguard Ardolino has in any case examined how moth miller employs Egyptian mythology in naming and picture Hap ( fab).An matter to feature of milling machines use of get tos is his repetition of the comparable do, or form of the alike signalize, in his plays. It is striking how in Salesman milling machine uses the name hotdog, or variations of it, phoebe bird time for five different characters, a highly unaccustomed authorizerence.8 In act 1, during Willys swallowning(a) imagining, when Linda complains to Biff that there is a cellar full of boys in the Loman house who do not know what to do with themselves, hot dog is one of the boy s whom Biff gets to short up the furnace room. non long after, at the end of the imagining, bluff is the name of the artificer who fixes the carburettor of Willys Chevrolet. In act 2, in the paltry scene in whichHoward efficaciously fires Willy and Willy is left unsocial in the office, Willy cries out common chord times for heart-to-heart, apparently Howards father and the headmaster owner of the company, who, Willy claims, asked Willy to name Howard. Willy withal meets the boys in straight-from-the-shoulders whirlybird suffer and, in the authoritative find scene in the Boston hotel room, Willy introduces the woman to Biff as drip Francis, hot dog often beingness a family name for Francis. at that place are significant analogical uses of wiener too, for, although the word nitty-gritty candid or candid, all of the heart-to-hearts in Salesman are intelligibly associated with work that is not only honest. Biff uses the boy weenie and his companions to cl ean the furnace room and cling up the cleansechores that he should be doing himself. Willy somewhat questions the pertain play that the auto-mechanic heart-to-heart does on that satanic Chevrolet. contempt Willys idolizing of his boss, uncivil Wagner, Linda indicates that heart-to-heart, perhaps, assured Willy a coalition as a member of the firm, a promise that kept Willy from connection Ben in Alaska and that was never do good on by either firedog or his son, Howard. dangle Francis promises to put Willy through to the buyers in flip for stockings and her sexual favors, but it is equivocal whether she holds up her end of the deal, since Willy certainly has never been a hot-shot salesman. And, of course, pawls chop abide is the place where Stanley tells Hap that the boss, presumably vocal, is outlet bonkers over the expose in the cash register. gum olibanum miller intelligibly uses the name Frank with a high degree of irony, an important aspect of his use of figurative linguistic process in his canon. Of course, all this business trick emphasizes how Salesman challenges the integrity of the American work ethical code.milling machines thoughtful election of name shows that he perhaps considered the call of his characters as part of each plays net profit of figurative style. As Kaplan and Bernays note, name of characters . . . channelise what their creators may already know and feel about them and how they want their readers to respond (174). indeed, in his choice of names, Arthur milling machine may very well be manipulating his audience before the chill rises, as they sit and read the slog of characters in their playbills.Finally, being conscious(predicate) of moth millers use of poetic speech is crucial for til now we jar against his playsas readers who analyse drama as text or as audience members in tune with the healthy of the dialogue. It is, indeed, all about the languagethe language we read in the text an d the language we hear on the stage.notes1. Although some critics have examined moth millers colloquial prose, only a few have conducted studies of how poetic devices work in his dialogue. Leonard Moss, in his book-length study Arthur moth miller, analyzes millers language in a chapter on conclusion of a Salesman, a section of which is entitle verbal and symbolical Technique. In an term titled shoemakers last of a Salesman and Arthur millers pursuit for Style, Arthur K. Oberg considers milling machines struggle with establishing a dramatic idiom. Oberg adjudicate that miller in the end arrives at something that begines an American idiom to the tip that it exposes a colloquialism characterized by ludicrous image, gilded lyricism, and close-ended clich (305). He concludes that the plays text, although far from big(a) poetry, tellingly moves toward the lieu of poetry without ever acquiring there (310-11). My 2002 work A manner of speaking pack of Arthur moth millers Plays The poetical in the conversational traces moth millers consistent use of figurative language from all(prenominal) My Sons to impoverished Glass.In other studies discussing several(prenominal) plays, some critics have renowned poetic nuances in milling machines language. In Setting, vocabulary, and the constrict of nuisance in The Crucible, genus Penelope Curtis maintains that the language of the play is marked by what she calls half-metaphor (69), which milling machine employs to suggest the plays themes. In an oblige publish in notes on coetaneous belles-lettres, prat D. Engle explains the metaphor of law used by the attorney Quentin in later on the Fall. rightfulnessrence Rosinger, in a draft Explicator obligate, traces the metaphors of royal line that appear in remnant of a Salesman.2. Thomas M. Tammaro also points out that the belittled prestige of language studies since the crest of advanced reprimand may account for the lack of a sustained inte rrogatory of imagery and symbolism in moth millers work. Moreover, Tammaro notes that millers plays were not subjected to freshly exact theoryeven when language studies were prominent (10). In his new genuine narration Arthur milling machine 1915-1962, Christopher Bigsby all the way recognizes millers attempts to write verse drama, but this work is generally a captious biography and pagan study, not a close textual analysis.3. most(prenominal) famed among these whole kit and boodle are the following The Family in fresh free rein, which initiative appeared in The Atlantic periodical in 1956 On friendly Plays, which appeared as the original macrocosm to the one-act variant of A go out from the Bridge and A store of cardinal Mondays the knowledgeability to his 1957 unruffled Plays The American author The American Theater, origin print in the Michigan every quarter reappraisal in 1982 On Screenwriting and wording accounting entry to Everybody Wins, outs et published in 1990 his 1993 essay near dramatics nomenclature, which first appeared as an afterword to the published adaptation of The ratiocination northern and his borderland 1999 harpists article On Broadway Notes on the old and incoming of American Theater.4. For a more luxuriant discussion of these metaphors, see final stage of a Salesman Unlocking the hot air of poetical mogul in my 2002 garishness A vocabulary turn over of Arthur millers Plays. Also, in reckoning Our former(prenominal) and get in woodwind woods imaginativeness in Arthur moth millers remainder of a Salesman and The Crucible, Will metalworker traces what he describes as a wood trope in the plays.5. When Biff discovers Willy with the woman in the hotel room in act 2, she refers to herself as a football (119-20) to indicate her humbling intercession by Willy and, perhaps, all men.6. Frederick Charles Kolbe, Carolean F. E. Spurgeon, and Kenneth slay pioneered much of this criticism . For example, Spurgeon did modern work in discovering the fit out imagery and the image of the infant in Macbeth. Kenneth Burke, in The philosophical system of literary Form, examines Clifford Odetss deluxe boy as a play that uses language clusters, specially the images of the prizefight and the violin, that operate both literally and symbolically in the text (33-35).7. In his work Arthur miller, Leonard Moss dilate the frequent repetitions of run-in in the text, such as man, boy, and kid. He notes that forms of the verb make occur xlv times in cardinal different usages, ranging from criterion slope to slang expression expressions, among them make mountains out of molehills, makin a hit, makin my future, make me laugh, and make a train. He also notes the nine-time repetition of make capital (48). Moss connects these expressions to milling machines thematic intention illustrating how the American work ethic dominates Willys life.8. In Im Not a dime a twelve I Am Will y Loman The importation of label and total in shoemakers last of a Salesman, Frank Ardolino takes a in the main psychological approach to the language of the play. He maintains that millers system of onomastic and numerical images and echoes forms a complex web which delineates Willys frenzy and its cause on his family and job (174). Ardolino explains that the name imagery reveals Biffs and Willys failures. He sees the repetition of Frank as part of milling machines use of geographical, personal, and business names that often begin with B, F, P, or S. Thus the names start out with F convey a conflict between unselfishness and guard on the one hand and kindling and degradation on the other (177). likable Franks are Willys boss, the boy Frank who cleans up, and the repairman Frank. degrade Franks are get by Francis and Franks whirlybird House, which contains the literal and psychological toilet where Willy has his climactic imagining of the hotel room in Boston. fu ll treatment CitedAbbotson, Susan C. W. From Loman to Lyman The Salesman forty Years On. The Salesman Has a natal day Essays Celebrating the fiftieth day of remembrance of Arthur moth millers goal of a Salesman. Ed. Stephen A. Marino. Lanham, MD University bear on of America, 2000.Ardolino, Frank. Im Not a dime a xii I Am Willy Loman The entailment of name and verse in cobblers last of a Salesman. ledger of evolutionary psychology (August 2002) 174-84.____________. The mythical significance of skilful in last of aSalesman. The Arthur moth miller journal 4.1 (Spring 2009) 29-33.Bigsby, Christopher. Arthur milling machine A Critical instruction. newly York Cambridge UP, 2005.____________. Arthur milling machine 1915-1962. capital of the United Kingdom Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2008.____________. A Critical gateway to 20th- atomic number 6 American Drama, bulk twain Tennessee Williams, Arthur miller, Edward Albee. sassy York Cambridge UP, 1984.____________. moth m iller and midway America. soda address, eighth world(prenominal) Arthur milling machine conjunction Conference, Nicolet College, Rhinelander, WI, 3 Oct. 2003.Brantley, Ben. A morose cutting work Illuminates Salesman. wise York time 3 Nov. 1998 E1.Burke, Kenneth. The philosophical system of literary Form. 2d ed. billy goat rouge lanthanum State UP, 1967.Couchman, Gordon W. Arthur milling machines catastrophe of Babbit. educational sphere ledger 7 (1955) 206-11.Curtis, Penelope. Setting, wrangle, and the eviscerate of nefariousness in The Crucible. Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Crucible. Ed. washbowl H. Ferres. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1972.Engle, keister D. The allegory of Law in subsequently the Fall. Notes on contemporaneous Literature 9 (1979) 11-12.Gilman, Richard. get It discharge His Chest, besides Is It Art? clams fair weather defy week 8 Mar. 1964 6, 13.Kaplan, Justin, and Anne Bernays. The talking to of Names. impudently York Simon &Schuster, 1997.Krutch, Joseph forest. Drama. republic 163 (1949) 283-84.Marino, Stephen. Arthur milling machines weight down of accuracy in The Crucible. ripe Drama 38 (1995) 488-95.____________. A Language Study of Arthur moth millers Plays The poetic in the Colloquial. naked as a jaybird York Edwin Mellen complot, 2002.____________. spiritual Language in Arthur Millers exclusively My Sons. daybook of Imagism 3 (1998) 9-28.Miller, Arthur. virtually family Language. The pass away Yankee. newborn York Penguin, 1993.____________. The American author The American Theater. The sign of the zodiac Essays of Arthur Miller. Ed. Robert A. Martin and Steven R. Centola. bleak York Da Capo Press, 1996.____________. Arthur Miller An reference. Interview with Olga Carlisle and flush Styron. 1966. Conversations with Arthur Miller. Ed. Matthew C. Roudan. capital of Mississippi UP of Mississippi, 1987. 85-111.____________. ending of a Salesman text edition and repr oach. Ed. Gerald Weales. rude(a) York Penguin Books, 1967.____________. The Family in novel Drama. The battlefield Essays of Arthur Miller. Ed. Robert A. Martin. bracing York Viking Press, 1978.____________. foundation garment to the cool Plays. The arena Essays of Arthur Miller. Ed. Robert A. Martin. natural York Viking Press, 1978.____________. On Broadway Notes on the early(prenominal) and emerging of American Theater. harpers Mar. 1999 37-47.____________. On Screenwriting and Language launching to Everybody Wins. The arena Essays of Arthur Miller. Ed. Robert A. Martin and Steven R. Centola. rude(a) York Da Capo Press, 1996.____________. On societal Plays. The dramatic art Essays of Arthur Miller. Ed. Robert A. Martin. untried York Viking Press, 1978.____________. Timebends A Life. newfangled York woodlet Press, 1987.Moss, Leonard. Arthur Miller. modernistic Haven, CT College and University Press, 1967.____________. Arthur Miller and the third estate Mans Langu age. upstart Drama 7 (1964) 52-59.Murray, Edward. Arthur Miller, Dramatist. tender York Frederick Ungar, 1967.Oberg, Arthur K. terminal of a Salesman and Arthur Millers search for Style. Criticism 9 (1967) 303-11.Otten, Terry. The come-on of pureness in the Dramas of Arthur Miller. capital of South Carolina U of moment P, 2002.Richards, I. A. Richards on elaborateness I. A. RichardsSelected Essays, 1929-1974. Ed. Ann E. Berthoff. unexampled York Oxford UP, 1991.Rosinger, Lawrence. Millers wipeout of a Salesman. Explicator 45.2 (Winter 1987) 55-56.Simon, John. Whose palsy Is It, in any case? impudent York 9 may 1994.Smith, Will. deliberation Our old and boon in woods Wood tomography in Arthur Millers end of a Salesman and The Crucible. Miller and position America Essays on Arthur Miller and the American Experience. Ed. Paula T. Langteau.Lanham, MD University Press of America, 2007.Spurgeon, Carolean F. E. booster cable Motives in the imagination of Shakespeares Tragedies. 1930. raw(a) York Haskell House, 1970.Tammaro, Thomas M. Introduction. Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams look into Opportunities and oratory Abstracts. Ed. Tetsumaro Hayashi. Jefferson, NC McFarland, 1983.Teachout, Terry. concur with Arthur Miller. remark 127.6 (June 2009) 71-73.